Chapter 1 The Origin and Development of Human Beings

First, the origin of mankind: P2

1, the debate about the origin of human beings

(1), Darwin, the founder of evolution.

(2) the theory of God's creation

2. The ancestor of modern apes and humans is the forest ape P3.

(1), and know the P2 diagrams of several modern apes.

(2) It is inferred that the living conditions of forest apes at that time were P3.

(3) Compare and find out the similarities and differences between apes and humans (three fundamental differences)

First, different exercise methods

B, the ability to make tools is different.

C, the degree of brain development is different

3.P4 Reasons for the Life of Apes in Wild Forests

Environmental change-violent movement of the earth's crust

4. Evolutionary evidence of ancient human origin.

(1) Evolutionary Evidence: Skeleton Analysis of P4 "Lucy" and "East Africa" Fossils

(2) Several aspects of gradual change in the process of human evolution:

A morphological structure: semi-upright walking →→→→ upright walking

B, tool use: can't use →→→→→→→ can use →→→ can make (simple → complex)

C, food and clothing: naked →→→→→ keep out the cold and cover up your shame.

Raw food →→→→ cooked food (the invention of fire)

D language: physical expression →→→→ language.

Second, the development of human beings requires the harmonious development of man and nature.

1. Obviously, human beings have evolved gradually in the struggle with the natural environment, and all human activities must respect ecological laws.

2. Apes have the same ancestor. Apes should get along well with each other, and we have the responsibility to protect rare and endangered modern apes.

Section 2 Human Reproduction

I. Reproductive system (one of the eight systems)

(1) Figure 3 P9 of male reproductive system

The main organ is testis, whose function is to produce sperm and secrete androgen.

(2) Female reproductive system Figure 5

The main organ is the ovary, whose function is to produce eggs and secrete estrogen.

Fallopian tube: transport egg cells; Fertilization site (IVF)

Palace: the place where embryos and fetuses develop.

Second, the reproductive process: P9- 10 Figure 7

Testicular → sperm fertilization, 40 weeks pregnant and delivery.

→→→→→→→→→→→→→ fertilized egg →→ blastocyst →→→→ embryo → fetus →→→→→→→ baby.

Ovary → egg

Fetuses get nutrition and oxygen from their mothers through placenta and umbilical cord. Waste such as carbon dioxide produced by the fetus at any time is also discharged through the placenta and mother.

Note: Placenta is the organ where the fetus and mother exchange substances.

About 40 weeks after delivery

The third quarter adolescence

Infant 0- 1

Children 1-3 nursery

Youerqi 3-6 kindergarten

Childhood 7- 12 primary school

Chun Qing Period 10-20 Junior High School

Youth 18-25

I. Physical changes in adolescence (three characteristics) P 15

1, the sudden increase in height is a remarkable feature of adolescence.

2. The functions of nervous system, heart, lungs and other organs have also been significantly enhanced.

Adolescence is the golden age of physical and intellectual development in life?

3. After entering adolescence, the sex organs of both boys and girls develop rapidly.

And there have been some physiological phenomena of being ashamed to speak (ashamed to see people)

(Boys have nocturnal emission and girls have menstruation)

Third, the psychological changes in adolescence and their health: (understanding)

1、P 16

2、P 16

Section IV: Family Planning P 19

I. Population growth trend in China:

1, read P 18 for data analysis.

2. Discussion (1)1600—1700.

(2)1949-1989, war; Living standards, medical care, etc.

Second, family planning.

1. Family planning is a basic national policy to control population and improve population quality.

2. The specific requirements of family planning in China are late marriage, late childbearing, fewer births and eugenics.

(1) Late marriage is 2-3 years later than the legal age for marriage (male 22 years old, female 20 years old).

(2) Postpone childbearing for 2-3 years after marriage.

(3) The key to having fewer children

(4) Pre-marital physical examination for prenatal eugenics.

3. Explore the significance of late childbearing.

(1) Review the six links in the inquiry process.

(Mathematical calculation of P20

①/kloc-A 5 generation and B 4 generation after 0/00 years.

② Five years later, 50 million children were born, and there was no requirement for late childbearing.

There are100000 people who have requirements for late childbearing.

40 million is missing.

Chapter II Human Nutrition

Section 1 Nutrients in Food

1. What are the nutritional components of food P2 1?

Food contains six nutrients, such as sugar, fat, protein, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Sugar, fat, protein P22

These three are the main organic substances that make up cells and can provide energy for life activities.

1, sugar: the main energy supply substance. About 70% of the energy needed by the human body is provided by sugar.

Hanging bottle (hanging glucose)

2. Fat: spare energy substance. (Blood sugar can be converted into fat and stored)

What is the reason for being sick and thin? )

3. protein: Teenagers need food rich in protein every day? P22

It is the need of growth and development, cell renewal and cell repair, and also provides energy.

(2) Water P24

It is one of the main components of human cells, accounting for about 60%~70% of body weight. It is a good solvent.

(III) Inorganic salt P25 table: inorganic salt deficiency and food source:

Rickets and osteoporosis are caused by the lack of calcium-containing inorganic salts.

Iron deficiency anemia is caused by the lack of iron-containing inorganic salts.

Endemic goiter is caused by the lack of inorganic salts containing iodine.

Vitamin P26 deficiency and food sources;

Vitamins are not the main raw materials of cells and do not provide energy for human body, but their important role in human body is irreplaceable by other nutrients.

Lack of vitamin A can easily lead to dry skin and night blindness.

Lack of vitamin B 1 predisposes to neuritis and beriberi.

Lack of vitamin c is prone to scurvy,

Lack of vitamin D can easily cause symptoms of rickets and osteoporosis.

Section 2 Digestion and Absorption

First, the changes of food in the digestive system.

(1) Inquiry: Changes of steamed bread in oral cavity P30 starch is the main component of steamed bread.

It is a characteristic of starch that it turns blue when it meets iodine.

salivary amylase

Starch →→→→→→→→ maltose

(turns blue when exposed to iodine) (turns blue when exposed to iodine)

1. Comparative experiment of saliva and clear water (variable: saliva control: clear water)

Prove the role of saliva

2. Comparative experiment of steamed bread crumbs and steamed bread slices (variable: steamed bread crumbs control: steamed bread slices)

Prove the chewing function of teeth

3. Comparative experiment with and without stirring (variable: stirring control: without stirring)

Prove the stirring effect of the tongue

(2) Digestion concept: P3 1

Sugar, fat and protein in food are all organic substances with large molecules and complex structures. After entering the digestive system, it is gradually decomposed into substances with small molecules and simple structure before being absorbed by the human body. This process is called digestion.

Digestion is mainly carried out through the action of various digestive enzymes.

Amylase, etc

Starch →→→→→→ Glucose

Protease, etc

Protein →→→→→→ Amino acids

angry

Fat →→→→→→ Fatty acid+glycerol

Lipase, etc

(3) Composition and function diagram of digestive system P32

1, consisting of: the digestive system consists of the digestive tract and

Digestive gland. P33

The digestive tract includes the oral cavity,

Pharyngeal region,

Esophagus,

Stomach,

Small intestine,

large intestine

And anus.

The digestive glands include salivary glands (located outside the digestive tract).

pancreas

And the liver (the largest digestive gland);

Stomach gland (on the wall of digestive tract)

And intestinal glands.

2. Function: P32

Salivary glands secrete saliva, and salivary amylase can digest sugar.

The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice, which contains enzymes that digest sugar, protein and fat.

Pancreatic juice flows into the duodenum (the initial part of the small intestine) through a catheter.

Bile secreted by the liver is digestive juice without digestive enzymes (the function of emulsifying fat).

That is, turning fat into fat particles can increase the contact area between fat and enzyme.

It is stored in the gallbladder and then flows into the duodenum (the initial part of the small intestine) through a catheter.

Gastric gland secretes gastric juice, which contains hydrochloric acid and protease, and can preliminarily digest protein.

Intestinal glands secrete intestinal juice, which contains enzymes that digest sugar, protein and fat.

So: the main place for digestion is the small intestine.

Because there are digestive juices such as intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile in the small intestine.

Second, the absorption of nutrients

1, concept P33

Digested and decomposed nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids+glycerol)

The process of entering the circulatory system from the digestive tract wall is called absorption.

2, location: mainly small intestine. Not the large intestine?

P33: small intestine is suitable for absorption;

A, the small intestine is very long, about 5~6 meters long;

B, there are many annular folds and villi on the inner surface of small intestine, which greatly increases the inner surface area of small intestine;

C, the villus wall of small intestine is very thin, with only one layer of epithelial cells; Conducive to absorption.

Therefore, the main place to digest food and absorb nutrition is the small intestine.

3. Interpret the chart (analysis P34)

(1)Y represents the digestion process of fat.

Because fat begins to be digested in the small intestine.

(2) Starch is digested from the mouth.

Amylase is in your mouth.

Fat begins to be digested in the small intestine.

There are bile and lipase in the small intestine.

Protein began to be digested in the stomach.

Protease exists only in the stomach.

(3)D is the small intestine, which contains bile, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice.

The third part focuses on rational nutrition and food safety.

First, reasonable nutrition:

1. Analyze whether the following behaviors are correct.

First, don't eat breakfast:

B, picky eaters: do not eat vegetables, love to eat chicken, duck and fish, and drink water.

C, overeating:

2, the meaning of reasonable nutrition: nutritionists pointed out that in order to maintain good health, we must ensure three meals a day and eat on time; Of the total daily energy intake, breakfast, lunch and dinner should account for 30%, 40% and 30% respectively. P37

Second, design (design a lunch recipe for parents)

According to the viewpoint of balanced diet

Three. Food safety P38:

1, food pollution?

2. Prevent food poisoning?

3. How to achieve food safety?

Four, green food P39:

1, meaning: safe and high quality food with good ecological environment and no pollution.

2. classification: it is divided into class a and class AA.

Chapter III Human Breathing

Section 1 Treatment of Air by Respiratory Tract

1. Composition of respiratory system: It consists of respiratory tract and lung. (Figure 25 on page 43)

1, respiratory tract:

Nose (nasal cavity has nose hair, which can block dust; Can clean the inhaled air.

The mucous membrane on the inner surface of nasal cavity can secrete mucus and moisten the inhaled air;

There are also abundant capillaries in the nasal mucosa, which can warm the inhaled air. )、

Why is it better to breathe through the nose than through the mouth?

The pharynx is both a digestive channel and a respiratory channel.

Epiglottic cartilage (can't laugh loudly when eating? )

Throat,

Vocal Cord and Vocalization (Noise Protection in the Period of Adolescent Voice Change)

Trachea,

Bronchus (composed of "C"-shaped cartilage;

The cilia on its inner surface keep swinging in the direction of throat ..., forming phlegm)

2. Lung: It is the main organ of the respiratory system and the place for gas exchange.

The second quarter lung gas exchange

I. Gas exchange between lung and the outside world: P47

1. Lung: The main organs of the respiratory system are located in the chest cavity, one on the left and one on the right. Left 2 right 3

The respiratory rate of normal people is 16- 18 beats/min.

2. Experiment: Measure the difference of chest circumference P47 (physical education class measured vital capacity).

(1) Measurement site: lower angles of both scapula.

(2) Calculation: bust difference = bust length when trying to inhale-bust length when trying to exhale.

(3) Requirements: Measure three times and take the average value.

(4) Discussion:

3. Gas exchange between the lungs and the outside world P48 (sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae form the thoracic cavity)

(1) Inhalation: The muscles and diaphragm between ribs contract, and the chest volume increases.

(2) Exhale: The muscles and diaphragm between ribs relax and the chest volume decreases.

Second, the gas exchange between alveoli and blood:

1, data analysis: (Principle: Carbon dioxide can make clear limewater turbid. )

Step 2 discuss P50

The turbidity of (1) indicates that the amount of carbon dioxide is different.

(2) Contrast experiment, which plays a control role.

range

(3) The exhaled gas oxygen is reduced. ( 2 1%→→→→ 16% )

Carbon dioxide has increased. ( 0.03%→→→→4% )

3. Features:

(1) Branches of bronchi at all levels in the lobe reach the ends of the most subdivided branches of bronchi to form alveoli.

The number of alveoli (many). P50

(2) Extraalveolar bread is surrounded by abundant capillaries, P5 1.

(3) Both alveolar wall and capillary wall are composed of a flat layer of epithelial cells,

The above three points are beneficial to the gas exchange between alveoli and blood.

Respiratory response formula

mitochondria

Organic matter+oxygen →→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→→ carbon dioxide+water+energy.

Section 3 Air Quality and Health

First of all, air quality affects human health.

Data analysis P52—P53:

Rhinitis, pharyngitis, bronchus, pneumonia, lung cancer

The incidence of respiratory diseases is high.

Keywords passive smoking, secondhand smoke,

Formaldehyde and benzene pollution in decoration materials

Second, understand the local air quality

1, air quality daily: P54

Pollution index, air quality status of major pollutants

0-50 excellent

50- 100 Liang San

10 1-200 slightly polluted by inhalable particles.

Moderate pollution in 20 1-300

Heavy pollution above 30 1.

2. Common air pollution

(1) Industrial production emissions

(2) Vehicle and ship exhaust gas

(3) burning straw

(4) Dust on the ground

3 Investigation: Collect and measure dust particles P55 in the air.

Five-point sampling P56

The midpoint of the diagonal-the central sample point;

On the diagonal, four points with the same distance from the central sample point are selected as sample points.

Statistics: Counting is not counting, counting left is not counting right P56

4. Controlling pollutant discharge is the fundamental measure to prevent and control air pollution and improve air quality. P57

5. Afforestation is an effective measure to prevent and control air pollution. P57

Chapter IV Transportation of Substances in Human Body

Section 1 Flowing Tissue-Blood

1. Composition of blood: It consists of plasma and blood cells.

(upper layer) plasma: upper layer

(Lower layer) Blood cells: White blood cells and platelets are at the junction of the two layers, which are very thin and white.

Red blood cells are in the lower layer, red;

(1) plasma: pale yellow transparent liquid, containing many important substances necessary for maintaining human life activities.

1, the main components: water about 90%, plasma protein about 7%, glucose, amino acids, inorganic salts and so on about 3%.

2. Main function: carrying blood cells,

Transport nutrients and wastes, etc.

(2) Blood cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

1, red blood cells:

(1) quantity: maximum (normal value is 3.5-5.0× 10/L)

(2) Morphological structure: double-sided concave disc, mature red blood cells without nucleus,

Rich in hemoglobin (Hb). Hemoglobin is easy to combine with oxygen in places with high oxygen content and easy to separate from oxygen in places with low oxygen content.

The normal value is110-150g/l.

(3) Function: It has the function of transporting oxygen.

(4) Anemia: If a person has too few red blood cells or too low hemoglobin content, he will suffer from anemia.

2. White blood cells (WBC):

(1) quantity: minimum value (normal value is 4.0- 10× 10/L)

(2) Morphological structure: There is a nucleus, which is larger than red blood cells.

(3) Function: It has the function of devouring bacteria invading human body.

When there is inflammation in the human body, the number of white blood cells will increase greatly.

3. Platelets

(1) quantity: less (normal value is 1.0 ~ 3.0× 10/L)

(2) Morphological structure: the smallest blood cell, with no nucleus and irregular shape,

(3) Function: Coagulation and hemostasis.

Section 2 Blood Flow Pipeline-Blood Vessel

1. Experiment: Observe the blood flow of fish caudal fin.

II. Vascular type P64 (blood flow direction)

1, artery →: blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to various parts of the body. (centrifugal)

Features: thick wall, high elasticity and fast blood flow in the tube.

2. Capillary: the blood vessel connecting the smallest artery and vein.

Structural characteristics suitable for material exchange between blood and tissue cells;

The inner diameter of (1) capillary is only 8~ 10 micron, which can only allow red blood cells to pass through in a single line.

(2) The tube wall is very thin and consists of only one layer of epithelial cells;

(3) The blood flow velocity in the tube is the slowest.

3, veins: blood vessels that send blood back to the heart from all parts of the body.

Features: thin wall, small elasticity and slow blood flow in the tube.

Venous valves are arranged on the inner surface of veins of limbs to prevent blood from flowing backwards.

Section 3 Blood Pump-Heart (Heavy and Difficult)

First, the structure and function of the heart:

P68 Figure: It is required to master four cavities, five pulses and two valves.

1, the heart has four chambers: the upper chamber and the lower chamber.

Right atrium

Right ventricle

2. Characteristics of the heart wall: it is mainly composed of myocardium (muscle tissue).

The ventricular wall is thicker than the atrial wall,

The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall.

3, with a valve to prevent backflow. Connect up and down, not left and right.

atrio-ventricular valve

Arterial valve

4. Memory law of blood vessels connected with the heart: atrial quiescence and ventricular linkage.

Left ventricle →→→→ aorta, left atrium-pulmonary vein

Right ventricle →→→→ right atrium of pulmonary artery-superior and inferior vena cava

Second, the way of blood circulation: it is divided into systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. P7 1

(1) systemic circulation:

Left ventricle → aorta → systemic capillary → vein → superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium.

The exchange of substances in the capillaries of the whole body turns bright red arterial blood rich in oxygen into dark red venous blood with less oxygen.

(2) pulmonary circulation:

Right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary capillary → pulmonary vein → left atrium.

The exchange of substances in pulmonary capillaries changes blood from dark red venous blood to oxygen-enriched and bright red arterial blood.

Section IV Blood Type and Blood Transfusion: P76

First, the discovery of blood type:

Type a, type b, type o and type AB;

Second, the same type of blood transfusion:

When a person is life-threatening due to massive bleeding, he must be rescued by blood transfusion. Blood transfusion should be based on the principle of allogeneic blood transfusion. In case of emergency, a small amount of allogeneic blood can be infused according to a certain blood transfusion relationship.

Third, blood volume and blood transfusion.

1, blood volume: the blood volume of adults is roughly equivalent to 7%~8% of their own weight.

2, blood donation: healthy adults donate 200~300 ml of blood at a time will not affect health.

3. Voluntary blood donation system: Since 1998, China has implemented a voluntary blood donation system.

Advocate 18~55 healthy citizens to donate blood voluntarily.

According to the above review, the mid-term exam focuses on the underlined part.

Chapter V Discharge of Waste in Human Body P80

Excretion: The process by which carbon dioxide, urea and excess water are excreted.

Exclusion: Feces are formed by the residues of food digestion, and the process of excretion is called exclusion.

Section 1 Formation and excretion of urine

A, the composition of the urinary system P80 figure:

Kidney forms urine

Ureteral transport of urine

The bladder temporarily stores urine.

Urine discharged from urethra

Second, the formation of urine.

1. Composition and function of kidney: The kidney is composed of about 1 10,000 nephrons, and nephrons are composed of

Glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule.

small ball

Filter →→→→ raw urine (150L)

renal capsule

Renal tubular reabsorption→→→→ urine (final urine 1.5L)

2. Analysis of P82 data of glomerular filtration rate (excluding blood cells and macromolecular proteins).

3. Renal tubular reabsorption (all glucose, some inorganic salts and most water) P82

Pay attention to the different components: blood, urine and urine.

Glomerular tubule

Blood-urine-urine

(plasma, blood cells) (part of water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea) (water, inorganic salts, urea)

Third, urine excretion

Fourth, the meaning of excretion: P83 ①②③

Section 2 Disposal of Human Feces and Urine

First, the value of human excrement.

1, main component of human excrement: P85 data analysis.

Decomposition into inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

2, the value of human feces:

That is, the advantages of farmyard manure P85 (compared with chemical fertilizer)

Wide source, complete nutrients, long-lasting fertilizer effect, soil improvement and low cost.

Second, the harmless treatment of human excrement: the ways are as follows

1. Building biogas digesters: decomposing biogas, namely methane, under anaerobic conditions to clean fuel.

2, high-temperature composting: kill germs and eggs.

3, the construction of ecological toilets:

Chapter six, the adjustment of human life activities.

Section 1 Human Body's Perception of the External Environment

I. Eyes and eyesight P88

P89 data analysis: camera lens-lens

Aperture-pupil (reflected light P90)

Membrane-retina

1. Basic structure of eyeball P89

Cornea (anterior 1/6): It can transmit light.

External membrane

Scleral (posterior 5/6): It can protect the internal structure of eyeball.

Iris (anterior 1/6): There is an adjustable pupil in the middle.

Media of ocular wall

Choroid (posterior 5/6)

Intima: retina, which can feel the stimulation of light.

Lens: It can refract light.

vitreous body

2. Visual formation process: P90

(refraction)

Light reflected by external objects →→→→ cornea →→→ pupil →→→ lens → vitreous body →

(forming an object image)

Retina-→ optic nerve →→→→ brain visual center (forming vision)

Second, myopia and its prevention

1 myopia P9 1

The lens becomes convex, the front and back diameter is too long, the object image falls in front, and the distant one can't be seen clearly.

2 Correctly wear concave lenses

3 Prevent P9 1 "Three Don 'ts" and "Four Don't Watch"

Just need to know the following.

Three elements

(1) Sitting posture and writing posture are a ruler for eyes and books to read and write correctly.

Read books, watch computers, play games for an hour, and have a rest for a few minutes.

③ Check your eyesight regularly and do eye exercises seriously.

Four don't look.

(1) The light is too strong to read.

(2) The light is too dim to read.

(3) lying down without reading.

(4) Walk without reading.

Third, ears and hearing.

1, ear structure

Auricle = auricle

The external ear collects sound waves

external auditory meatus

tympanic membrane

The ossicles of the middle ear transmit sound waves.

Tympanic eustachian tube (from tympanum to pharynx) otitis media

antechamber

Semicircular canal of inner ear (can feel the position of head, which is related to maintaining body balance),

Cochlea (sensing sound information) (airsickness, seasickness, carsickness)

2, the formation process of hearing:

(produce vibration)

External sound waves →→→→→→→ External auditory canal →→→ Tympanic membrane →→→→→→→→→ ossicles →→→

(Feel the sound information)

Cochlea-→ auditory nerve →→→→ auditory pathway of brain (forming hearing)

3 Ear health education (just known)

(1) Don't dig your ears with sharp objects, so as not to puncture the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane.

② Open your mouth when you hear loud sounds (such as thunder and guns) to avoid breaking the eardrum.

③ Prevent rhinitis and pharyngitis, because the nose and pharynx are connected with the middle ear. If the nose and pharynx are inflamed, bacteria may invade the middle ear and cause otitis media, thus damaging the ossicles or perforated tympanic membrane.

④ Do not let sewage enter the external auditory canal. Dry the water in the external auditory canal after bathing and swimming to avoid otitis media.

The composition of the nervous system in the second quarter

A, the components of the nervous system:

Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord)

Peripheral nervous system (cranial nerve and spinal nerve)

The brain is divided into brains (there are many nerve centers in the cerebral cortex).

Cerebellum (coordinating and accurately moving and keeping balance),

Brain stem (the center that regulates basic life activities such as heartbeat, respiration and blood pressure).

Spinal cord: it can respond regularly to stimuli and is a communication channel between the brain, trunk and viscera.

Second, neurons: P99 is also called nerve cells.

It is the basic unit of nervous system structure and function.

It consists of cell bodies and processes.

The basic way of the third quarter nerve regulation-reflex

I. reflection P 102:

1, experiment: knee jerk reflex

2. Concept: The human body responds regularly to various external or internal stimuli through the nervous system.

Reflex arc: the neural structure that completes reflex activity, with emphasis on P 102.

It consists of receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve and effector.

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Telephone telephone line postal exchange telephone line telephone set

Three. Reflection type P 103

1, simple reflex: simple, natural reflex. Such as hand retraction reflex, knee jerk reflex, micturition reflex, etc.

2. Complex reflection: the reflection formed by people through long-term life accumulation. Such as looking at plums to quench thirst, talking about the fear of tigers, etc.

Reflection related to language and writing is unique to human beings.

Four. P 103 the significance of reflection

Adjust your life activities and respond quickly and appropriately to internal and external stimuli.

Verb (abbreviation of verb): measuring reaction speed

The fourth quarter hormone regulation P 105

Endocrine gland: A gland without ducts. Their secretions-hormones-directly enter the capillaries in the glands and are sent to various parts of the body with blood circulation. There are few hormones in the human body, which have great effects.

Exocrine gland: a kind of gland with ducts, such as sweat gland, salivary gland, liver, etc. Their secretions include sweat, saliva, bile and so on. , discharged through the pipeline.

I. The endocrine gland secretes hormone P 106.

1, pituitary gland: secreting growth hormone. Insufficient secretion of juvenile growth hormone leads to dwarfism,

Excessive secretion of juvenile growth hormone leads to gigantism.

2, thyroid gland: secretion of thyroid hormone. Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone makes people get hyperthyroidism;

Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in childhood leads to dementia;

When the body lacks iodine, it will suffer from endemic goiter.

3, islet: secreting insulin. Insufficient secretion leads to diabetes. It can be treated by injecting insulin.

4. gonad: ovary (secreting estrogen),

Testis (secreting androgen). Maintain secondary sexual characteristics

5. Thymus: Thymus hormone secretion.

6, adrenal gland: secretion of adrenal hormones.

Second, the relationship between neuroregulation and hormone regulation:

primary