1. Background: Under the double blow of the Second Opium War and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, the Qing government was at home and abroad.
2.( 1) Time: 65438+60s-90s.
(2) Factions and figures: Westernization of the landlord class, with the complaint of Prince Gong in the central government and Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong in other places.
(3) Purpose: To make Qiang Bing rich, get rid of the predicament and maintain the feudal rule of Qing Dynasty by using advanced western science and technology.
(4) Slogan: Make yourself rich. (Learn from foreigners and improve yourself)
3. Main activities: (1) In the early stage, the modern military industry was founded with the slogan of "self-improvement", mainly including Zeng Guofan's Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang's Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, and the left Fuzhou Shipping Bureau.
(2) In the later period, with the slogan of "seeking wealth", modern civil industries were set up, mainly including Li Hongzhang's Ship Merchants Bureau, Zhang Zhidong's Hanyang Iron Works and Hubei Textile Layout.
(3) Planning coastal defense. From the 1970s to the mid-1980s, three navies, namely Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian, were successively established, among which Beiyang Navy was the largest.
(4) Opening new schools. Shi Jing Wentong Museum, founded in 1862, is the first new school run by Westernization School.
4. Result: In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in the Battle of Ahava, which marked the failure of the Westernization Movement.
5 Evaluation: (1) Nature: It was a failed self-help movement of feudal rulers.
(2) Limitations: Its subjective purpose is to maintain feudal rule, not to lead China to capitalism, so it did not make China embark on the road of prosperity.
(3) Positive effects: ① However, it introduced advanced western science and technology, which led to the emergence of the first batch of modern enterprises in China; (2) Accumulated production experience and cultivated technical force for modern enterprises in China; (3) Objectively stimulated the emergence and development of capitalism in China and opened the way for China's modernization. ④ It also played a certain role in resisting the economic aggression of foreign capitalism.
6. Enlightenment: The failure of the Westernization Movement shows that in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China, the Westernization School could not make China rich and strong only by introducing western technology and equipment without fundamentally changing the decadent feudal system. (Draw ""as the root cause of failure)
It is impossible for the landlord class to lead China to prosperity.
(B) The Reform Movement of 1898-the beginning of China's political modernization (political democratization)
1. Background: The fiasco of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War greatly deepened the national crisis in China.
2.( 1) Factions and figures: bourgeois reformists, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong.
(2) Purpose: to save the nation, develop capitalism and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
(3) Nature: bourgeois political reform movement.
3. Process: (1) Prelude: Write on the bus. /kloc-in the spring of 0/895, news came that treaty of shimonoseki was signed. Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who were taking the imperial examinations in Beijing, joined forces with other provinces to write to Emperor Guangxu, opposing peace talks with Japan and demanding political reform, which was called "writing on the bus" in history.
It opened the prelude to the reform movement.
(2) Development: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao first founded the World Bulletin in Beijing (later renamed Chinese and Foreign Journals), and then organized a strong society to publicize the reform and political reform, and the reformist political group was formed.
(3) The climax: the Hundred Days Reform.
A. Process:1From June to September, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated a series of reform decrees in accordance with the intention of the reformists, which were called "the Reform Movement of 1898" or "the Hundred Days Reform" in history.
B. Contents: ① Politically, reform government institutions, eliminate redundant staff and appoint reformers. Economically, private enterprises are encouraged to set up industrial and mining enterprises. (3) In education, set up new schools and cultivate talents. (4) Culturally, translating western books and spreading new ideas; Set up newspapers and open their opinions. ⑤ Militarily, cultivate a new type of army.
(4) Results:1In September, 898, the feudal die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi launched a coup in the Reform Movement of 1898, abolished the new law, imprisoned Guangxu, killed the new party, and the Reform Movement of 1898 failed.
4. Significance: ① It is conducive to bourgeois intellectuals' participation in politics, the development of Chinese national capitalism and the spread of western science and technology culture. ② It played an enlightening role in society and laid a foundation for the spread of bourgeois ideas.
5. Reasons for failure: ① The reformists were weak, placing their hopes entirely on an emperor who had no real power, but failed to mobilize the people. The feudal die-hards headed by Cixi are powerful and oppose political reform.
6. Enlightenment: The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 shows that the road of bourgeois reform is not feasible in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China; Bourgeois reformists can't lead China to prosperity.
(3) Xinhai Revolution (political democratization)
1. Background: After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, the Qing government was reduced to a "foreigner's court" and China was completely reduced to a semi-colony.
2.( 1) School: the bourgeois revolutionary school headed by Sun Yat-sen.
(2) Nature: anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution.
(3) Guiding ideology: Three People's Principles
3. Process:
(1) Rise: 1894, Sun Yat-sen established the first bourgeois revolutionary group in modern China-Xingzhonghui;
(2) Development: the establishment of China League and the establishment of the "Three People's Principles" thought.
A. 1905, Sun Yat-sen founded the first bourgeois revolutionary party in modern China-the League of Brothers in Tokyo.
Its revolutionary program is: expel the usurper, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and equal land ownership. The official publication is People's Daily.
The function is: it has effectively promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.
B. In his inaugural speech in People's Daily, Sun Yat-sen expounded the revolutionary program of the League as the three principles of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood.
Status: It is the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen leading the Revolution of 1911.
(3) The climax: Wuchang Uprising and the establishment of the Republic of China.
A.19110 On June 010, revolutionaries launched an uprising in Wuchang, Hubei Province, and then captured Hankou and Hanyang. The Revolution of 1911 achieved initial victory.
B. 19 12 On New Year's Day, Sun Yat-sen was sworn in as the provisional president of the Republic of China, and the Republic of China was founded. And determined that 19 12 was the first year of the Republic of China.
(4) Results: Yuan Shikai stole the revolutionary achievements, established the reactionary rule of Beiyang warlords, and the Revolution of 1911 failed.
4. Evaluation: (1) Significance: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and established a bourgeois democratic republic, which made the concept of a democratic republic deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
(2) Limitations: Yuan Shikai stole the revolutionary achievements and established the reactionary rule of Beiyang warlords. The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution has not been completed and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social nature has not changed.
5. Enlightenment: The failure of the Revolution of 1911 shows that the bourgeois republic scheme is not feasible in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China; Bourgeois revolutionaries cannot lead the China revolution to victory.
(5) the new democratic revolution
1, time:1919-1949,2, leader: the proletariat, specifically its vanguard-China.
3. Guiding ideology: Marxism–Leninism
4. Significance: After 28 years of struggle, the Communist Party of China (CPC) led the people of China to finally overthrow the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, and won the new-democratic revolution, making China truly an independent country, and the people of China stood up from now on.