Zhu Tan, King of Lu, was the tenth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty. He believes in Taoism, burning incense and chanting scriptures all day long, and burning "elixir" to seek immortality medicine. As a result, he only lived to 19 years old. Zhu Yuanzhang thought his behavior was ridiculous and sealed the "king of famine"
The underground palace is built on the mountain, 26 meters above the surface. The total length of this tomb is over 50 meters. The tomb is divided into front and back rooms, with arch brick structure, polished square brick floor and stone gate gold nails. Unearthed cultural relics can be roughly divided into: crowns, sacrificial ceremonies, furniture, Four Treasures of the Study, Qin, chess, books, paintings, and painted figurines *** 1300 pieces.
This ancient building complex hundreds of years ago fully embodies the extraordinary skills and wisdom of the working people in our country, and is a splendid wealth in the ancient culture of China.
Huangwangling Tourist Area is located at the south foot of Jiulong Mountain in the northeast of Zoucheng City, the hometown of Mencius. There are nine peaks in Jiulong Mountain, which enter Qufu from south to north. Its shape is winding, hence the name Jiulong Mountain, with fertile soil in the south and far away from Zhushan Mountain. Crouching Tiger Mountain in the east and Huang Yu in the west. In front of the cemetery is Baima Er Quan, the source of Baima River. The whole mausoleum area is condescending, facing the water in the morning, hiding the wind and gathering gas, solemn and solemn, looking around the mountains and rivers, towering and blue, with a royal style.
First, Zhu Tan himself.
According to Ming History, "Wang Tan, the tenth son of Mao, was born in Hongwu for three years and was sealed in two months. In eighteen years, he became a vassal of Yanzhou, and he wrote good poems and baited stone medicine. His poison hurt his eyes and the emperor hated it. Twenty-two years, died of famine. " (2) Zhu Tan is a knowledgeable and polite corporal who is very popular with Zhu Yuanzhang. When Mao first became King Lu, he sent envoys to sacrifice mountains and rivers. The text says: "I crossed the river alone, and then I set up Taiping County, and then I stayed in Jinling. It has been six years since today. Lush foliage, one-tenth of the children and grandchildren, has ordered the eldest son to be the Crown Prince, the rest of the children were knighted on the seventh day of April this year, and the tenth son Tan Jianguo was enshrined in Lu, giving priority to it. Because he is too young to sacrifice, he wants to write lyrics to serve God, but his lyrics must have been published. However, I'm sorry I haven't told God for a long time. Today, I tell you in words that I will send a fragrant silk and make a sacrifice, and apply for a sacrifice, but God will learn it. " (3) This shows Zhu Yuanzhang's love for Zhu. He not only sent envoys to sacrifice, but also personally wrote a memorial. Not only that, after Zhu Tan became a vassal of Yanzhou, Yanzhou will soon be promoted to the government, governing four states and twenty-three counties.
But it was this King Lu, 15 years old, who became a Yanzhou fan and believed in Taoism. He burned incense and chanted scriptures all day long, and prayed for immortality. As a result, he was poisoned when he lived to 65,438+09 years old. When Zhu Yuanzhang learned about this, he felt pain and anger and thought his behavior was ridiculous. He calls himself "the king of famine", Lu.
Wang Shi of Lu was blocked in the third year of Hongwu (1370) and abolished in the seventh year of Nanming (1653). In 283, the king of 10 generation 13 was passed on, which is rare in the history of the country's captaincy.
Second, the general situation of the mausoleum area
Zhu Tan, king of Lu, died in the 22nd year of Hongwu (AD 1389). At that time, the Ming Dynasty was in a state of extinction, and many laws and regulations had not been customized. Therefore, the construction time and cost of Zhu Tan's mausoleum after his death were not recorded. Finding out the history, Zhu Tan's death and the construction of his tomb are the first cases among the princes in the Ming Dynasty. It is speculated that after Zhu Tan's death, the body was temporarily buried, and then he went to Feng Shui and chose another mausoleum. It is said that when I chose the mausoleum, I took great pains to travel all over the mountains and rivers of Lufan, and finally chose this "land of feng shui". The mausoleum area is built according to the four directions of "Qiansuque, Houxuanwu, Zuoqinglong and Youbaihu" in Feng Shui. After the site selection, it took four years to build, and then the body was moved and buried here.
Mausoleum is divided into three parts: guide, cemetery and mausoleum. The outer city consists of inner and outer city walls, with a length of 1200m from north to south and a width of 800m from east to west, with a total area of about 960,000m2. Among them, the cemetery is 206 meters long from north to south and 80 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of 65438+6480 square meters. There are three tombs in Lingqu * * *, among which Zhu Tan's tomb is in the middle, and the second princess Gefei's tomb is more than 60 meters west (two tombs have been excavated and opened to the public); Tang's tomb is in an ominous position.
Third, the ground building.
The ground buildings in the mausoleum area started from the archway, followed by Shen Dao, stone statue, Lingxing Gate and internal and external walls to the north. In the north of Lingxingmen150m, there are sacrificial pavilions and cenotaph on the east and west sides respectively. Because it was destroyed by war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, its shape and specifications were not tested. However, outside the Lingxingmen site, there is an east-west river ditch, which the local people still call "Wumen ditch" and should be the site of Waiyuqiao. Moreover, word of mouth can still point out the location of the sacrificial pavilion and the clothing hall.
There is Baima Er Quan 200 meters north of Lingxingmen, and there is a single arch stone bridge in the middle, which is the source of Baima River. It is called "Imperial Bridge". The bridge is paved with bluestone, and there are stone-carved lotus column railings on both sides of the bridge. The stigma is carved with 24 solar terms, and the fence is decorated with carved vase patterns. The width of the bridge is 8.5m, and the length from north to south is16.2m..
Cross the Imperial Bridge for 40 meters and enter the inner city. Before the restoration, there were still ruins of the original site. There are three doors in the south wall, called Lingmen and Zhongmenkou, which are about 3.6 meters wide, and the left and right doorways are about 3.2 meters wide. The middle door is high and the side door is short, both of which are side by side, and it is a door-hole bucket arch building. Surrounded by walls with a height of 3.7 meters, a width of 0.7 meters and a base thickness of 1.4 meters, it is an ice-plate eaves masonry structure, and the walls are all made of 40 cm long blue bricks, which is extremely strong. In the early years, there were watchtowers at the four corners of the city wall, which were used by guards to protect the mausoleum. The layout is rigorous, and each has its own model. There is a partition wall in the middle of the inner city, which enters the courtyard before and after. The front yard is slightly larger than the backyard, showing a high back and a low front.
The second gate, also known as "Tree Gate", and the south gate are built on the central axis. It's a three-door wooden structure with cornices, and the outside of the wall is made of blue bricks. Enjoy the hall in the middle of the backyard, also known as the Hall of Grace. The abutment is 33 meters wide from east to west and 20.4 meters long from north to south. There is a platform10m long and15m wide in front of the temple, surrounded by jade railings. The incense hall is the main building in the mausoleum area. After it was dumped in the Qing Dynasty, it was converted into three Guandi temples, which were damaged during the Cultural Revolution. 1987 The foundation was restored according to the original specifications, and the existing 26 columns are still relics of the Ming Dynasty. From the height and width of the abutment and the scale of the column base, we can infer the grandeur of enjoying the temple in that year.
Coming out along the three doors of the cemetery, we arrived at the third part of the mausoleum. Facing us is Fangcheng Ming Building, which is 13 meters high and 7.5 meters high. It is a masonry structure, with a rough and powerful base of Xumi Mountain carved with lines at the bottom, a square platform at the top, parapets on the east, south and west sides, a low wall on the north side, and stone steps on the east, west and north sides to pass through. Ming Lou is a building with cornices and arches built on the hill. It is built on the defensive city and has doors on all sides. There is a neutral stone tablet in the original Ming building. On the front and back of the monument, the word "Daming" is engraved, and on the front of the monument, the tomb of King Lv Fan is engraved in regular script. The font is dignified and powerful. Looking around the Ming building, you can see the scenery in the mausoleum.
Fourth, the pattern of underground palaces.
The underground palace is 26 meters deep from the surface, the tomb is more than 50 meters long and the tomb is 20.6 meters long. It is divided into two rooms, front and back, with a T-shaped plan and an enclosed area of about 6,543,800 square meters. Keep it intact before excavation. This huge mausoleum was built by cutting stones on the mountain and then laying bricks, and it took about 200,000 cubic meters of earth and stone. According to experts' estimation, according to the current situation, it will take two or three years to build it with 200 laborers.
The pyramid-shaped mound stands upright to the south, with a wider outer opening and gradually narrowing inward, showing a slope shape with a higher outer opening and a lower inner opening, with a width of 3.9 meters and a distance of 1.5 meters to the north. Three retaining walls made of lime, glutinous rice juice and bean juice were cast in the pyramid-shaped mound. The third wall, also known as the gate-sealing wall, is 8.86 meters high and 1.6 meters thick in the upper part, which gradually widens downward to form a stone wall, and the wall base extends outward into the pyramid-shaped mound. The wall is made of big bricks and sealed tightly, and traces can still be seen today.
After the door wall is sealed, it is a red diamond wall, 8.2 meters high and 5.35 meters wide. The upper part is a gatehouse made of green glazed tiles, and the wall is covered with a layer of hard red plaster. Brick retaining walls are pasted on the top, left, right and back of the gatehouse, which is flush with the retaining wall in front. A strip-shaped protective trough with east-west direction was built on the gatehouse, and the top was covered with two layers of stones to bear the compacted layer above, which played a role in sealing the soil and preventing the gatehouse from being damaged. The tomb gate is in the middle of the lower part of the King Kong wall, 2.4 meters high and 2.25 meters wide. The upper part is a one-meter-thick stone cross arm, which has cracked and the hole is sealed with bricks. The tomb is 20.6 meters long. It has two doors, a front room and a back room. There is a tunnel between the two rooms. Except the door is made of stone, the rest are brick roofs, and the floor is paved with square bricks. The walls and the top are covered with white plaster, and the walls are decorated with double ink lines. These two doors are the same shape. The first door retracts into the hole at 1.5m, and is pivoted by Shuang Ye. The tomb gate is a whole boulder, with a height of 2.4m, a width of 1.3m and a thickness of 0.2m Each gate weighs about 1500kg. There are nine rows of chest-shaped doornails carved on the front, the doors are painted with red paint, and the doornails are plated with gold. The first circle is inlaid with iron and plated with gold, and the color is bright. The knocker was locked by an iron lock 57 cm long.
The front room of the underground palace is 8.05 meters long from north to south, 5.25 meters wide from east to west and 4 meters high, and the top is east-west. The ticket roof of the aisle is short, with a height of 1.9 m and a length of 1.95 m, and the room at the back is the coffin room. It is 5.45 meters long from north to south and 8.2 meters wide from east to west, which is bigger and more spacious than the front hall. There is a big cylinder in the middle of the front room, with a diameter of 1. 1 m and a height of 1.5 m. There is an iron core lamp holder in the cylinder, that is, the eternal lamp. The funerary objects in central China include a huge group of painted wooden figurines, including 432 ceremonial figurines, chariots and horses. Symmetrical proportion, concise knife method, different expressions and vivid images. There are warriors with melons, axes, cymbals, knives, guns, swords and halberds; There are musical figures holding various musical instruments; There are civil servants and burly guards standing hand in hand. There is a royal case in the middle of the back, with three treasure boxes on it, and the "Treasure of the King of Lu" printed in wood and gold is built in.
In the middle of the back room, there is a brick sumeru with a length of 3.85 meters from north to south, a width of 3. 1 meter from east to west and a height of 0.5 meters. On the coffin bed, there is a lipstick-painted Phoebe coffin. There are eight tables on both sides of the coffin bed, four of which are in the center of the gravel table. There are two gold-plated lacquer boxes on the east side, which contain crowns, crowns, robes, boots, jade laurels and jade belts. On the tables on both sides, there are Four Treasures of the Study, chess, calligraphy and painting. Other funerary objects are small funerary objects made of wood, bamboo, copper and tin. The placement of funerary objects embodies the ancient emperors' thoughts of "death is like life" and "burial with filial piety".
More than 60 meters west of Zhu Tan's tomb, there is Princess Ge's tomb. There is no record of buildings on the ground. The tomb is shallower than the tomb of King Lu, about 8 meters from the ground. The tomb is made of brick, divided into front room and back room, with a total length of15.2m, a width of 4.3m and a height of 4.13m. There are two niches on both sides of the front and rear rooms and on the back wall, respectively, for placing funerary objects. The tomb gate is 2.3m high,1.3m wide and 0.2m thick. For Shuang Ye pivot, there are * * * two stone gates, supported by natural stone. Judging from the construction technology, the workmanship is far less fine than that of Zhu Tan's tomb.
According to "Princess Lu", "Gefei's family is a good son. In the twenty-third year of Hongwu, he was named Princess Lu. One son is Zhao Hui, and the heir is Lu Wang. Orthodox Church died at the age of 72 on the ninth day of October in the fifth year, and was buried in Jiulong Mountain on April 19 of the following year. "
According to historical records, when Princess Ge died, Zhu Tan was already buried. Because King Lu was the first to die, the system of joint burial has not been decided, so he was buried here. 1975 When the Gefei Mausoleum was cultivated by local farmers, it was found that all the cultural relics in the mausoleum were stolen.
More than 300 pieces of various precious cultural relics/kloc-0 have been unearthed from Zhutan Tomb, which is the most abundant and well-preserved tomb of the Prince of Ming Dynasty in Shandong Province after the founding of the People's Republic of China. It fully shows the intelligence of the working people in the Ming Dynasty, and is the crystallization of the wisdom of the working people. It is the epitome of the royal life in the Ming Dynasty, which provides us with rich materials for studying the life of the princes in the Ming Dynasty.
Present situation of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
Huangling, the king of Ming Road, experienced more than 500 years of ground construction and was destroyed in the Qing Dynasty War. In the winter of 1969, under the call of Chairman Mao, the local people discovered this tomb while digging a bomb shelter in Jiulong Mountain, and immediately reported it to the cultural relics department and cultural relics workers in Shandong Province. Under the leadership of the party and government at the provincial, prefectural and county levels, with the direct cooperation of China People's Liberation Army and the strong support of local villagers, the meeting was held in 1970.
1in the winter of 1985, the Zoucheng Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government, under the guidance of the provincial cultural relics and tourism departments, formed a special group to re-excavate and reinforce the tombs, relocated the villagers in the cemetery area and restored the ground buildings of the cemetery. It took more than two years to basically restore its original appearance and become a 1988 cultural relic tourist attraction. 1992 is listed as a provincial cultural relics protection unit. 1March, 993, our hospital resumed the construction of Gefei Mausoleum, making it a whole with Zhutan Mausoleum and becoming a landscape for people to understand history and entertainment. Since the opening up, * * * has received leaders at all levels and millions of Chinese and foreign tourists.
Contrastive analysis of intransitive verbs
Compared with the tombs, the tombs in Huang Lu mainly have the following characteristics:
1. Zhu Tan, king of Lu, was the first prince to die in the Ming Dynasty, and the construction of his mausoleum was the first among princes. The mausoleum system and many ceremonies are the basis for the imperial court to formulate the prince's mausoleum system. "Ming History" records: "In the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu, the King of Qin was ordered to be buried, and the minister of rites was appointed as Hengtai. He said that he would take an examination of the Song system and suspend it for five days." Customize the prince's funeral for three days. Does send officials to be responsible for the funeral, the Hanlin Academy writes the memorial, arranges books and records, the Ministry of Industry makes the inscription flag, sends officials to build the grave, and the Qin Tian supervisor buries it. Eight imperial academy students were reported to the palace. (4) It can be seen that when Qin Chengwang died in the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu, the original examination system in Song Dynasty was five days, and later the service system was the same as the funeral of King Lu. The three-day attendance and other ceremonies were customized according to the funeral of King Lu. Therefore, it can be said that the funeral apparatus of King Lu was used for reference by the imperial court when formulating the prince's ritual system. This is unmatched by other Wang Ling.
Second, the mausoleum occupies the largest area, and the underground palace is the deepest from the surface. According to local legends and the actual research of relevant experts, there are inner and outer city walls in the mausoleum area (there are still glazed tiles in the ruins of the outer city wall), with a circumference of 4,000 meters and a total area of 960,000 square meters, which is the largest among the princes. Although the princes of later generations were different from the relatives and friends of the emperors, the rich and the poor where the imperial palace was located, and the rise and fall of the national situation, the scale of the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang was still alive, which showed Zhu Yuanzhang's love for Zhu Tan and proved his strong national strength. Moreover, the underground palace is 26 meters away from the surface, second only to the mausoleum (Dingling is 27 meters away from the surface), while other prince tombs are only about 6 meters away from the surface.
Third, the excavation is the most complete and the most cultural relics are unearthed.
More than 300 pieces of cultural relics 1300 were unearthed from the tomb of Huang Luwang, which provided valuable information for studying the prince's ritual system and political and economic situation. The first is coronation: First of all, the nine crowns are worn by the prince when he meets the emperor or has a major ceremony. According to the textual research of Comrade Wang Wei of Shandong Provincial Museum, there are only two pendants as cultural relics in China at present. Another piece, collected in the Museum of Chinese History, is an antique coronation suit worn by Yuan Shikai when he ascended the throne, with double walls. This pro-Wang Mian in the early Ming Dynasty more than 600 years ago is the only evidence of ancient coronation in the world, which has high cultural relics and historical value. It is to fill the historical gap and study the ancient coronation system.
Second, the nine-seam skin, also known as the nine-seam crown, was worn by the king of Lu, guests and princes when they went to court. It is the only leather bag made by the prince in the early Ming Dynasty that is open to the world, which is consistent with the leather bag system of the prince during the Hongwu period.
Thirdly, the woven cotton satin official robes are extremely exquisite in design and technology, and are the only well-preserved official robes of the early Ming Dynasty found nationwide so far.
Followed by a jade belt inlaid with gold, the buckle body is a double-layer transparent gold piece, with a big gem in the middle, surrounded by 33 rubies, sapphires, turquoise, emeralds, pearls and cat's eye gems. According to the textual research of Comrade Teng Wei in the Provincial Museum, the scale of 14 gold belt ornaments inlaid with gems unearthed in Dingling is not as large as this collection; There are many precious gems and exquisite decorations, which provide rich physical and scientific basis for studying the development of politics, economy, culture and art in Ming Dynasty.
Others, such as the pro-Qin Tian Feng Hai Tao of Tang Dynasty, Yuan edition, and titles before Yuan Dynasty, are also rare treasures. In particular, the ceremonial ceremony of 432 wooden figurines was a true portrayal of the prince's "armored and prosperous life" at that time, so I won't go into details one by one.
Many of these cultural relics unearthed from the tomb of Zhu Tan, King Lu, are orphans or treasures, which provide precious material evidence for studying the politics, economy and technology of the prince's ritual system in the Ming Dynasty, which is incomparable to other tombs of the prince in China.
Through the above comparative analysis, we can draw the following conclusions: Zhu Tan, the king of Lu, was the first to die among the vassal States, and the mausoleum was the first to be built, and its organizational system and ritual system were used by other tombs; The cemetery occupies the largest area, and the underground palace is the deepest from the surface; Unearthed cultural relics are the most complete and have the highest value; There are many wise kings among the kings of Lu, and the succession time is the longest. Therefore, it can be said that Huangluling is called the first tomb of the Ming Dynasty, and there should be no objection.