The performance of the traditional 8-bit single-chip microcomputer has also been improved rapidly, and its processing capacity has been improved by hundreds of times compared with that in the 1980s. At present, the main frequency of the high-end 32-bit Soc single-chip microcomputer has exceeded 300MHz, and its performance is catching up with the special processor in the mid-1990s, while the ex-factory price of the ordinary model has dropped to 1 USD, and the highest-end model is only1USD.
Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer just developed and used in bare-metal environment, and a large number of dedicated embedded operating systems are widely used in all series of single-chip microcomputers. In the high-end single-chip microcomputer as the core processing of handheld computers and mobile phones, even special Windows and Linux operating systems can be directly used. early stage
SCM is the stage of single chip microcomputer, which mainly seeks the best architecture of embedded system in the form of single chip microcomputer. The success of "innovation mode" has laid a completely different development path between single chip microcomputer and general computer. Intel has made great contributions to the independent development of embedded systems.
Medium-term development
MCU is the stage of microcontroller unit, and its main technical development direction is to expand all kinds of peripheral circuits and interface circuits that meet the requirements of embedded applications and highlight its intelligent control ability. The fields it involves are all related to the object system, so the important task of developing MCU inevitably falls on the electrical and electronic technology manufacturers. From this point of view, Intel's gradual fading out of MCU also has its objective factors. In the development of MCU, the most famous manufacturer is Philips.
By virtue of its great advantages in embedded applications, Philips has rapidly developed MCS-5 1 from single chip microcomputer to microcontroller. Therefore, when we review the development path of embedded systems, don't forget the historical achievements of Intel and Philips.
Contemporary trends
An important factor in the independent development of SoC embedded system (system on chip) to MCU stage is to seek the maximum solution of SOC application system. Therefore, the development of dedicated single-chip microcomputer naturally forms the trend of SoC. With the development of microelectronic technology, ic design and EDA tools, the design of single chip microcomputer application system based on SoC will have great development. Therefore, the understanding of MCU can be extended from MCU and MCU to MCU application system. 197 1 year, Intel developed the world's first 4-bit microprocessor; Hoff of Intel Company successfully developed the world's first 4-bit microprocessor chip Intel 4004, which marked the advent of the first generation of microprocessors and the beginning of the era of microprocessors and microcomputers. Because of the invention of the microprocessor, Hoff was listed as one of the "seven most influential scientists since World War II" by The Economist.
197 1 year1month, Intel introduced MCS-4 microcomputer system (including 400 1 ROM chip, 4002 RAM chip, 4003 shift register chip and 4004 microprocessor), of which 4004 (as shown below).
1972 In April, Hoff and others developed the first 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8008. Because 8008 adopts P-channel MOS microprocessor, it still belongs to the first generation microprocessor.
1973 intel developed an 8-bit microprocessor 8080; 1In August, 973, Hoff and others developed an 8-bit microprocessor Intel 8080, which replaced the P-channel with an N-channel MOS circuit, and the second generation microprocessor was born.
The 8080 chip with a main frequency of 2MHz is 10 times faster than 8008, and it can access 64KB of memory. It uses 6000 transistors based on 6 micron technology, and the processing speed is 0.64 MIPS (one million instructions per second).
1975 In April, MITS released the first universal Altair 8800, with a price of 375 USD and a memory of 1KB. This is the first microcomputer in the world.
1976, intel company developed MCS-48 series 8-bit single chip microcomputer, which is also the advent of single chip microcomputer.
Z80 microprocessor developed by Zilog Company 1976 is widely used in microcomputers and industrial automatic control equipment. At that time, Zilog, Motorola and Intel were the three pillars in the field of microprocessors.
In the early 1980s, Intel introduced MCS-5 1 series 8-bit high-end single-chip microcomputer based on MCS-48 series single-chip microcomputer. MCS-5 1 series single-chip computers have greatly improved the on-chip RAM capacity, I/O port function and system expansion.