The characteristics of serfdom:

(1) coexists with village community organizations left over from the end of primitive society for a long time. Farmers' land is occupied by village communities and distributed to households according to the number of households. Farmers pay taxes to the state and landlords, and assume various obligations, which are also shared by the village community to the family. Village community is a tool used by Russian feudal owners to rule and enslave farmers.

(2) the duration is particularly long. Exploitation and oppression are also the most cruel.

(3) Beyond the scope of rural areas and agriculture, into towns and industries. In the handicraft workshops from 17 to 18, most of them were serfs. Even in the 1930s and 40s of 19, after Russia entered the industrial revolution, some forced serf labor was still used in modern factories.

Extended data:

The origin of serfdom:

The official peasant system originated in the Roman Republic. It has certain personal freedom and its own independent economy, but it essentially depends on its owner. The official peasant system mainly originated in the late Roman Republic, when a large-scale slave uprising took place, such as the Spartan uprising.

The number of overseas slaves in another Rome was limited by the cessation of the expansion war. In this case, slave owners were forced to change their slavery methods, and many slave owners' manors divided the big manor into several small manors for slaves to live in. This is the slave farmer.

Of course, the origin of slave owners was originally some free men in the Roman Republic, but after the slave owners were forced to give up the mode of production of slavery, they gave small plots of land to slaves, and the slaves who obtained small plots of land from the original free men gradually lost their personal freedom and attached themselves to the slave owners.

The Middle Ages is a long historical period, spanning from the decline of the Western Roman Empire to the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution. Generally speaking, historians believe that slavery in the early Roman monarchy and moderate slavery before Germanic migration are regarded as the origins of serfdom in medieval Western Europe.

After the migration, the Germans destroyed the slave empire in western Rome and established a series of new feudal countries. The destruction of many wars, the heavy burden of taxes and military service, and the land annexation of secular nobles have made a large number of Germanic free farmers bankrupt and become serfs and dependent farmers of feudal lords.

On the other hand, the king established a strict feudal hierarchy through the system of enfeoffment. Secular and monks and nobles at all levels occupy a large amount of land and have feudal lords' rights, including judicial power, administrative power and various economic rights to transfer farmers. They confined serfs to their own manors as slaves. Around the tenth century, serfdom in western Europe basically took shape.

/kloc-in the 0/4th century, with the strengthening of political and economic strength, external harassment decreased and feudal economy developed rapidly.

/kloc-in the 0/5th century, a class of small fief occupiers appeared, called landlords and nobles or small nobles. In order to extract the maximum benefits from the fiefs, landlords and nobles must have enough labor, so they all tried their best to fix their dependent farmers on the land.

In modern times, the tsar made many laws to restrict farmers' migration. It marked the formation of serfdom.

Baidu Encyclopedia _ serfdom