Historical and Cultural Blocks Historical and Cultural Blocks are important areas that record the social and economic development process and enrich cultural traditions of a city, and reflect the traditional features and cultural characteristics of historical and cultural cities. The protection of famous cities focuses on historical and cultural blocks.
Although great achievements have been made in the protection of historical and cultural blocks in China at present, there are still great differences in the understanding of protection objectives, protection contents and utilization methods, and the effectiveness of protection is still not satisfactory.
Dongguan Street in Yangzhou is a very successful case. After reasonable transformation and upgrading, it has become a business card of Yangzhou, integrating culture, tourism and commerce, and has developed very well.
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Cases or quotations of celebrities protecting the environment in history. People can only live according to the experiences recorded by nature.
Schopenhauer has no clean environment, and there is no point in comfortable living conditions. -Qu Nature is a kind mother and a cruel butcher.
Hugo loves green and protects the environment; Diligence and thrift, cherish resources. -anonymous life wants to be safe, when there are five things: first, purify the air; Second, we must clarify drinking water; Third, we should recycle ditches; Fourth, clean the house; Fifth, there should be enough sunshine.
Nightingale's parents are heaven and earth, and parents are heaven and earth. Wang Yangming judges the beauty of heaven and earth, and analyzes the principle of everything. Zhuangzi obeys heaven, acts with five virtues, and responds naturally. Zhuangzi respects earth, earth, heaven, morality and morality, and Taoism is natural.
What is the main legal basis of laws and regulations on the protection of historical and cultural blocks? Revision of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC)19821KLOC-0/9 The Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) was adopted at the 25th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth NPC,1982165438.
199 1 Adopted at the 20th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh NPC on June 29th, and promulgated by Decree No.47 of the President of the People's Republic of China on June 29th, and shall come into force as of the date of promulgation. Adopted at the 30th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth NPC on October 28th, 2002/KLOC-0, and promulgated by Decree No.76 of the President of the People's Republic of China on October 28th, 2002.
The Decision of the NPC Standing Committee on Amending the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics was adopted at the 31st meeting of the 10th NPC Standing Committee in People's Republic of China (PRC) on February 29th, 2007, and is hereby promulgated and shall come into force as of the date of promulgation. 2065438+Decision of NPC Standing Committee on Amending the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics in People's Republic of China (PRC) and Other Twelve Laws (adopted at the third meeting of the 12th NPC Standing Committee on June 29th, 2003).
Examples of destruction of cultural relics in the world, and said that the protection of cultural relics is a thing that benefits future generations:
(1) Don't over-exploit. The ability to visit cultural relics is certain. Beyond this ability, cultural relics will definitely be damaged. This kind of damage may be small and imperceptible, but by the time you find it, I'm afraid you have lost the possibility of remedy.
(2) During the maintenance and expansion of cultural relics and historic sites, the original appearance should be maintained, and modern elements cannot be easily added. It is best to "repair the old as the old". Personally, I think that the escalator built in front of Leifeng Tower ruined the taste of the whole site of Leifeng Tower. The builder may be well-intentioned at first, but the result is unacceptable.
(3) The protection of cultural relics can not be solved only by the power of * * *, but by everyone's awareness of protection. When we stroll in Bai Causeway and Su Causeway and enjoy the beautiful scenery of the West Lake, our casual actions, such as spitting and littering, will destroy the protected cultural relics around us. Therefore, raising the awareness of the whole people is the key.
Protecting cultural relics is everyone's responsibility.
Cultural relics are priceless treasures left by our ancestors, and money cannot buy them. After years of ups and downs and wars, there are relatively few cultural relics that have been passed down to this day. And with the passage of time, there will be fewer and fewer cultural relics that can be handed down to the world. Therefore, cultural relics are precious, and we should also cherish them.
Cultural relics refer to concrete material remains. Cultural relics have two basic characteristics: first, they are created by human beings or related to human activities; Second, it has become a legacy of history and cannot be recreated. According to general international practice, cultural relics refer to material remains with historical, artistic and scientific value made a hundred years ago.
There are many wonderful artistic treasures in China's ancient cultural heritage. Although various traditional art forms are described in the literature, due to the lack of concrete images, it is impossible for people to really understand their historical characteristics. Only cultural relics can vividly display traditional art forms in different historical periods.
There are many wonderful artistic treasures in China's ancient cultural heritage. Although various traditional art forms are described in the literature, due to the lack of concrete images, it is impossible for people to really understand their historical characteristics. Only cultural relics can vividly display traditional art forms in different historical periods.
Through the appreciation of cultural relics, we can not only appreciate the artistic value of cultural relics themselves, but also connect them with the cultural features and spirit of the times in the historical period in which cultural relics producers are located. Lu Xun wrote an article "Feeling in the Mirror", in which he wrote his feelings when he appreciated ancient mirrors. Among them, "How much do you want to * * *" and "Although Han and Tang Dynasties had their own troubles, they were very courageous" all reflected a very thorough historical vision. He made a very profound cultural analysis from a cultural relic involving the changes of history, the style of the times, modernization and national character. However, it is a misunderstanding that he said "Hippocampus Grape Mirror" is "the mirror of Han Dynasty". Now archaeologists have clearly known that this kind of mirror was made in the Tang Dynasty. Hippocampus Grape Mirror is also called Sea Animal Grape Mirror, Animal Grape Mirror, Tianma Grape Mirror and Ruishou Grape Mirror.
Every country and nation has its own cultural traditions, which can, in a sense, become the spiritual pillar of people's self-improvement and enterprising. Cultural relics reflect the common psychological tendency, ideological style and life customs formed by different countries and nationalities for a long time. So from a certain point of view, cultural relics are a symbol of a national culture. In addition, cultural relics are the witness of the historical development of human society. In other words, cultural relics are not only the precious historical and cultural heritage of all countries, but also the common cultural wealth of all mankind. With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in modern society, the factors of man-made and natural destruction and damage to cultural relics have increased significantly, and cultural relics protection has become a common problem faced by all countries in the world. 1In June, 1964, UNESCO launched a six-month international campaign for the protection of cultural relics and historical sites, asking member States to enrich and improve the technical and legal measures for the protection of cultural relics, and at the same time asking member States to strengthen the publicity of cultural relics protection so as to make the value of cultural relics well known to everyone. 1970, UNESCO adopted the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. 1972165438+10 In October, UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage at its 17 session. 1978165438+10, the 20th session passed the "Proposal on the Protection of Movable Cultural Property".
China has a tradition of protecting cultural relics. Qin Shihuang sent thousands of people to salvage Zhou Ding, which sank in Surabaya. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty got the unearthed bronze tripod and changed the year number to "Ding Yuan". According to Song Shu? According to the Records of Five Elements, there are shoes worn by Confucius and white snake swords cut by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the armory of the Western Jin Dynasty. "Lu Chunqiu? "Mourning Day" wrote that robbing a tomb requires "hell to pay". Huainanzi? " "Lun Heng" said that there was a provision in the law at that time that "the grave builder was punished". The law of the Tang Dynasty includes the content of punishing grave robbery, and Volume 19 of the Law of the Tang Dynasty clearly stipulates the punishment for those who "send graves". The laws of the Ming Dynasty also stipulated that all antiquities excavated underground, whether state-owned or private, must be turned over to the state within a time limit, or they will be punished.
Cultural relics are very precious in both modern and ancient times. We should protect cultural relics and the culture handed down in China for 5,000 years.
Examples of destruction and protection of ancient cities at home and abroad 1. What are the important cultural relics in Shaoxing? Is it a national cultural relics protection unit or a provincial cultural relics protection unit? Shaoxing is the seat of Yu Xia, the founder of the Chinese nation, and the vassal league, and also the capital of ancient Yue.
Here, with beautiful scenery, splendid culture, outstanding people and splendid treasures, it is known as the "hometown of beautiful scenery", "hometown of historical relics" and "land of outstanding people and outstanding people". It is a civilized ancient city with a cultural accumulation of more than 4,000 years and a history of nearly 2,500 years. It is known as a museum without walls. Shaoxing became one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities in the State Council on 1982 with its cultural relics, traditional streets, folk culture and rich ancient capital flavor.
The natural conditions of talents and rich cultural landscape complement each other, and celebrities come forth in large numbers, which constitutes the characteristics of Shaoxing cultural gathering. In an area of 79,065,438+0 square kilometers, there are more than 3,600 cultural relics, which still preserve rich historical and cultural relics such as Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Han Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Five Dynasties, Tang Dynasty, Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.
Among them, there are 192 sites that have been announced as key cultural relics protection units by * * at all levels over the years, including 4 national sites (Qianfu Road, Lu Xun's former residence, Qiu Jin's former residence and Dayu Tomb), 46 provincial sites and 42 city (county) sites 142. In addition, the local collection of cultural relics can not be underestimated, with only 65,000 pieces of first-class products among more than 35,000 pieces. 2. What is the present situation of these cultural relics? Among the existing 103 historical and cultural cities in China, some historical and cultural cities have also been artificially destroyed because the relationship between protection and development has not been properly handled.
Generally speaking, China's famous historical and cultural cities are facing nine major contradictions. The first contradiction is the contradiction between the protection of famous cities and the development of cities.
Due to the cognitive deviation between historical and cultural values and urban development values, cases of tearing down old cities and building new ones have appeared frequently. The second contradiction is the contradiction between the road structure of the ancient city and the contemporary traffic demand.
The roads of historical and cultural cities are generally very narrow and short, but the contemporary traffic requires fast and smooth. In order to widen the road, some ancient cities destroyed the pattern of ancient cities.
The third contradiction is the contradiction between the backwardness of ancient dwellings and the needs of modern life. The housing facilities in historical and cultural cities can't meet the contemporary people's pursuit of comfortable life. In order to improve the living conditions of citizens, some famous historical and cultural cities regard "old city reconstruction" as their political achievements, and the pattern of ancient cities will be destroyed.
The fourth contradiction is the contradiction between the financial guarantee for the protection of famous cities and the funds for urban management and development. The existing "cultural relics protection fund" can only be used for the rescue protection of discovered cultural relics, while the large amount of funds needed for the protection of historical and cultural cities lacks financial guarantee, and financial funds often support visible "affordable" urban management and development projects.
The fifth contradiction is the cultural and commercial contradiction in the process of rational utilization of cultural relics in famous cities. In order to develop tourism, some famous historical and cultural cities have been overexploited and overused.
The sixth contradiction is the policy inequality between the old city and the new city. In order to protect the ancient city, some historical and cultural cities have opened up new cities outside the old city.
However, in terms of policy making and management power, it tends to tilt towards the new city. The seventh contradiction is the integrity of ancient city protection and the contradiction of point, line and area protection.
Many historical and cultural cities often focus on the protection of "cultural relics protection units", but lack effective measures for the overall protection of historical and cultural cities, making the cultural relics of ancient cities "isolated islands" in modern cities. The eighth contradiction, the contradiction between destruction and recovery.
In the process of urbanization and industrialization, many famous historical and cultural cities have been destroyed to varying degrees. With the appeal of people of insight and the acceleration of the process of legalization, the protection of historical and cultural cities and the restoration of historical and cultural blocks began to be included in the work schedule of * *.
However, compared with the speed and intensity of damage in previous years, it is obviously difficult to match protection and restoration. The ninth contradiction is the contradiction of management system.
In the process of protection and rational utilization of historical and cultural cities, there are diversity and resistance in management. The departments related to the protection and utilization of scenic spots and historical sites include construction, cultural relics, tourism, gardens, culture, urban management and industrial and commercial management. Some give priority to protection, while others give priority to utilization. Policy opposition caused by institutional incompatibility is also common. The key to these contradictions in historical and cultural cities is the lack of a correct view of political achievements.
Starting from 1982, there are 103 cities in China that have become national historical and cultural cities. In the process of accelerating urbanization and industrialization, decision makers in some famous historical and cultural cities regard "old city reconstruction" as a political achievement. Driven by the idea of quick success and instant benefit, historical and cultural cities suffered what they thought was destruction.
In the celebration of "the ancient city has grown taller", high-rise buildings have replaced traditional blocks and modern buildings have replaced ancient houses. Originally a historic city with a whole forest, only a handful of cultural relics have been cut down, and cultural relics have become "islands" in modern cities. What's more, some leaders regard Huang Zhong as an earthen kettle, tearing down real antiques and building fake antiques in historical and cultural cities, and their historical context is blocked.
The Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee pointed out: adhere to the people-oriented principle and establish a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development concept. This principle is of great significance to the protection of historical and cultural cities.
After mankind entered 2 1 century, culture has become the soul of the city. The more developed China's social economy is, the more profound China's 7,000-year cultural connotation will be.
Urban construction must take into account the protection of historical and cultural cities, and improving people's living conditions cannot be at the expense of destroying historical sites. A famous historical and cultural city is the carrier of inheriting Chinese civilization. Protecting this carrier is the best achievement of a famous historical and cultural city.
As far as Shaoxing is concerned, the rich culture nurtured by this ancient city is the greatest feature and wealth of contemporary Shaoxing, and it is also the source of power and important support for Shaoxing's development. The more modern a city is, the more it depends on the support of culture.
Protecting historical and cultural heritage means protecting development force and promoting sustainable development. Shaoxing has achieved "six persistences" in dealing with the relationship between the protection and rational utilization of historical and cultural cities: adhering to scientific planning, formulating the protection plan of Shaoxing's historical and cultural cities, and under the guidance of planning, carrying out various work such as the protection of the ancient city pattern, the renovation of rivers and lakes, the restoration of cultural relics and historical blocks, and protecting the ancient city.
The historical process of protecting ancient buildings abroad: even the telephone poles in Britain need to protect a city with a soul. This is its past. Editor's Note of Zhang Zhinian, a special correspondent of our newspaper in Britain: With the modern skyscrapers and residential quarters blooming everywhere in China, how to protect ancient buildings has attracted more and more attention.
How to rebuild the old city? How to develop the tourism of the ancient city reasonably? How do other countries protect ancient buildings? The reporter conducted interviews around these issues. Britain has also taken a detour to protect ancient buildings. In terms of land area, Britain is a small country, but it is also a country with rich historical heritage and ancient architectural resources.
It is not easy to coordinate urban development with the protection of ancient buildings. In this regard, Britain has also learned many lessons.
Bejery, director of Georgia Group, a famous British ancient building protection organization, said that the protection of ancient buildings in Britain was not satisfactory during the 150 years before World War II. The destruction of ancient buildings in Liverpool is particularly serious, and large-scale construction has caused disastrous damage to ancient buildings there.
Many ancient buildings in other parts of Britain have not been spared. In the 20th century, 1/6 country houses suffered bad luck.
The two books that Bejery showed reporters, The Destruction of Country Houses in England and The Disappearing Mansion, were published in 1970s and 2002 respectively, which recorded the pictures and historical materials of the demolished ancient buildings in England. While condemning the demolition of ancient buildings, these two books strongly appeal to the whole society to pay attention to the protection of ancient buildings, and stop and stop the demolition of rural Gu Lou, luxury houses and palace-style buildings.
Some people say that British cities are different from American cities. American cities generally have only one center, and the others are suburbs. British cities such as London can be said to be polycentric cities, with 33 districts having their own centers, pedestrian streets and business districts. It is also said that London is a city composed of theaters, restaurants and cafes, which embodies the historical precipitation of different nationalities, cultures and styles.
Bejeri said that a city should have a soul, which is its past and history, and old buildings are evidence of a period of history. 19 In the 1920s, British cities also experienced large-scale expansion. At that time, the protection of ancient buildings did not attract enough attention, so he understood that China was facing the pressure of demolishing old houses in the process of rapid economic development.
British people like to live and work in ancient buildings. In recent decades, Britain has strengthened the protection of ancient buildings. 1984, an organization named "British Heritage" was established in Britain, which was responsible for the systematic investigation, registration and protection of ancient buildings throughout the country, and at the same time, relevant laws were formulated, which made the protection of ancient buildings in Britain on the legal track.
At present, there are about 500,000 key protected ancient buildings and historical sites in China, ranging from imperial palaces, castles and churches to thatched houses, arches, telephone booths and even telephone poles. The list of protected buildings is still increasing. Anyone who has a unique building, whether it is a profound historical background, unique architectural ingenuity, lifelike stone carvings, exquisite decorations by carpenters, or old anecdotes of famous paintings, can apply for "British heritage" as a reason.
Buildings listed in the protection list are divided into three grades according to their value. Buildings under first-class protection only account for about 4% of the total, about 20 thousand.
Bejeri said that if anyone wants to demolish a building on the protection list or change its internal structure, the local authorities will ask the Georgia Group for advice. The group meets once a month to consider applications for the reconstruction of ancient buildings.
He said that at present, few people ask for demolition, and many apply for expansion, including changing the use of the building, such as dividing the original building into complete sets of public houses or changing it into office buildings. Bejeri said that after the destruction of19th century and the first half of 20th century, British people prefer to live and work in ancient buildings, and cherish exquisite, simple and elegant historical buildings.
The British said that we should not destroy the ancient buildings as historical witnesses. If we want to develop, please go elsewhere Nowadays, almost all the old towns in London are old houses, which look the same and even give people a shabby feeling.
However, some people praise that when cement forests are built in modern metropolises, London has a unique charm and has become a rare museum full of artistic treasures. Conservation of Ancient Buildings: The British Society for Conservation of Ancient Buildings (SPAB), founded in 1877, has a history of 127, and is a volunteer organization.
Fan Ning, secretary general of the Association, told reporters that Britain made many mistakes in the protection of ancient buildings in the past. Although the reason is justified, that is, to improve people's living standards, it is still shocking when familiar things suddenly disappear. To this end, Britain has set up 5,000 protected areas in England and Wales, which not only protect the ancient buildings themselves, but also protect the surrounding environment.
If an ancient building is surrounded by tall buildings and highways, it will lose its charm. Fan Ning said that there is another principle to protect ancient buildings in Britain, that is, * * can't demolish private houses, and it should be compensated according to the market price.
If rejected, * * * can appeal. If there is a big dispute, a public hearing will be held to listen to the opinions of all parties, experts and all sectors of society.
The expansion project of London Heathrow Airport has caused widespread controversy. As a result, an independent investigator held a hearing for five years and finally solved the contradiction between personal interests and social welfare. It is amazing that the British have spared no expense to protect ancient buildings.
There is a museum of modern art in Newcastle, northeast England, which was converted from a flour mill. Just to keep the wall of the flour mill and the huge words "Polo Flour Mill" on it, the British actually spent 75 million pounds, while it took only 35 million pounds to tear it down and rebuild it.
This is nostalgia, but also to commemorate the historical contribution of the factory to the local economy in the era of industrial revolution. Such examples abound in Britain, which may reflect the values of protecting ancient buildings in Britain.
As william morris, the founder of the British Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, said, "These buildings have never only belonged to ourselves, they once belonged to our ancestors and will also belong to me.