What most people don't know is that Cao Cao said this sentence not only in praise of Sun Quan, but actually in a deeper level, he belittled Liu Biao's son Liu Cong. Have a baby like Sun Zhongmou! If Liu Jingsheng's son, dolphins and dog ears! ?
Dolphin dog? Pigs and dogs, Cao Cao's sentence means that Liu Biao's son is as stupid as pigs and dogs. It's really shocking to bury people to this extent.
What Cao Cao despised most in his life was the man who surrendered without a fight. Because of this, he despised Liu Cong very much. In the 13th year of Jian 'an (AD 208), Liu Biao just died, and Liu Cong, who had just acceded to the throne, led the Jingzhou Corps to surrender to Cao Cao collectively, which was the biggest surrender in Cao Cao's life and a change for Jingzhou.
Many people interpret the change of Jingzhou as an accidental factor, and Liu Cong's incompetence led to Jingzhou's collective surrender. Is this really the truth of history? This paper takes the thirteen years of Jian 'an as the time node and Jingzhou political situation as the center to analyze the inevitability of Jingzhou's changes.
What kind of existence was Jingzhou under Liu Biao at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty? Many people have the impression that Liu Biao is a gentle Confucian scholar. In his early years, Liu Biao was deeply influenced by the Confucian culture of Wang Chang, a great scholar. However, he was imprisoned for taking part in the student movement of the imperial examination and attacking the eunuch dictatorship. It was not until 179 that the imperial court lifted the party ban that Liu Biao was able to re-enter the DPRK as an official. Young Liu Biao is also a man of the hour.
For Liu Biao, the most legendary thing is that he took Jingzhou alone, He Jin was killed and Dong Zhuo went to Beijing. The influence of the central government in the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually weakened, so the phenomenon of warlord separatism appeared. In A.D. 190, Wang Rui, the secretariat of Jingzhou, was killed by Sun Jian, and Liu Biao was named the secretariat of Jingzhou. Embarrassed, the road from Guanzhong to Jingzhou was occupied by anti-central warlords, and Yuan Shu took control of the northern part of Jingzhou, openly challenging the central government. There are thieves in Jiangnan, Luyang in Yuan Shu and Nanyang. Su Dai, the Wu people, cited Changsha as the satrap, and North Yu as the Huarong Sect, and each of them blocked the soldiers from insurrection. .
It is not so easy to be the secretariat of Jingzhou. Liu Biao also has an idea. One is to sneak into Jingzhou anonymously. With the help of Kuai Liang, Kuai Yue and Cai Mao from Jingzhou, the situation in Jingzhou was quickly controlled. Three years later, Liu Biao's Huang Zu shot Sun Jian, which relieved Jiangdong's threat to Jingzhou. In the middle table are General Zhennan and Animal Husbandry of Jingzhou. Since then, Liu Biao has completely settled in Jingzhou. Under Liu Biao's policy of repairing life and raising interest,
The jurisdiction of Jingzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty mainly includes seven counties such as Nanjun, Jiangxia and Nanyang in the north of the Yangtze River, and Changsha, Wuling, Lingling and Guiyang in the south of the Yangtze River, which is roughly equivalent to most of Hubei and Hunan under the current administrative divisions. It is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and forms the geographical category of the hinterland of the Han River Plain.
In the war for hegemony, the importance of Jingzhou is self-evident. Zhuge Liang wrote in the macro-strategic policy provided for Liu Bei in Longzhong Dui. Jingzhou is bordered by Han and Mian in the north, benefiting from it; it is connected with Tongba and Shu in the east and adjacent to it in the west. This is a martial arts country, but its owner can't keep it. This is almost a day, so it is a general. Does the general care? ? This paper expounds the importance of Jingzhou's geographical location, and the occupation of Jingzhou is also the basis for the implementation of Longzhong-China confrontation. Without Jingzhou as the foundation, the rest is nonsense.
And Lu Su, Sun Quan's counselor, also said when giving advice to Sun Quan? Huang Zu was destroyed and Liu Biao was attacked, but the Yangtze River was so extreme that it was still found. . Soochow's acquisition of Jingzhou was also an attempt by Soochow to change its geographical disadvantage and pave the way for the northern expedition to the Central Plains.
In fact, it is still a little wasteful for such a place to fall into Liu Biao's hands. Liu Biao's character is not only independent, but incompetent. After sitting in Jingzhou, Liu Biao's thought gradually evolved into? Want to protect Jianghan and watch the world change? .
On this issue, Cao Cao saw it thoroughly. Before Cao Cao's expedition to Jingzhou, he said: I attacked Lu Bu, not for the battle of Kouguandu, but for Yuan Shao, a thief who saved himself. Liu Biao thinks himself an imperial clan and is full of treachery, but at first glance, he looks at the world and is in charge of state affairs. ?
A word? Self-defense thief? The other side of gentleness and elegance is vividly described by Liu Biao. In July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao led a great army south to Jingzhou. Before the army arrived, Liu Biao was furious, got sores on his back and died soon, laying the groundwork for the change of Jingzhou.
The external situation facing Jingzhou is extremely difficult. After the deaths of Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Liu Biao, the enemy passed the position of the Lord of Jingzhou to his youngest son, Liu Cong. For Liu Cong at that time, Jingzhou faced an unprecedented situation. Jingzhou was attacked on all sides at that time. Cao Cao was the first to bear the brunt, followed by Sun Quan of Jiangdong, and Liu Zhang of Yizhou was also hostile to Jingzhou.
Speak of the devil first. After the death of Dong Zhuo at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Cao Cao, Liu Biao, Gongsun Zan and other heroes gradually became independent. After the battle of Guandu in 200 AD, Cao Cao defeated the powerful Yuan Shao with fewer, which changed the situation again. Apart from Liu Biao's influence in Jingzhou, Cao Cao in the north defeated Yuan Shao, while Sun Quan inherited his younger brother Sun Ce's place in Jiangdong.
In the 13th year of Jian 'an (AD 208), Cao Cao had completely unified the north, not only digested Yuan Shao's territory, but also conquered Wuhuan in the north, and completely relieved the threat of northern nomads to the Central Plains.
Cao Cao's strength is greatly enhanced, plus its? Holding the emperor as a minister? Cao Cao's political strategy has always occupied the political commanding heights. Under such circumstances, Cao Cao decided to personally levy Jingzhou, which was really a shoo-in.
In addition to Cao Cao, Sun Quan of Soochow also targeted the Jingzhou regime. Before Cao Cao's expedition to the south, Sun Quan had begun to attack Jiangxia County under Jingzhou in the spring of Jian 'an 13th year. After breaking the city, they slaughtered the people and returned.
Readers may ask, at that time, Cao Cao had unified the north, and it was only a matter of time before he went south. Why can't Liu Biao cooperate with Sun Quan, but Sun Quan has been attacking Jingzhou? What follows is the content of the first paragraph of this article. When Liu Biao took office in Jingzhou, the biggest challenge was Yuan Shu. At that time, Sun Jian belonged to Yuan Shu camp. After Liu Biao took over Jingzhou, Yuan Shu sent Sun Jian to attack Jingzhou. Sun Jian was shot and killed by Liu Biao's Huang Zufu when he was at war with Liu Biao. Since then, Jingzhou and Jiangdong regimes have been sworn enemies.
After the rise of Sun Ce, he broke with Yuan Shu and later fell to Cao Cao politically. In the battle of Guandu in the north, Sun Ce led Jiang Dongjun to engage in fierce fighting with Howie's department, which severely damaged Jingzhou Army. After Sun Ce's death, Sun Quan spared no effort to attack Jingzhou. From 2003 to 2008, Sun Quan attacked Jiangxia County three times and finally killed Huang Zu, occupying a large territory of Jiangxia County.
After the change of Jingzhou, Liu Bei went to Liu Qi, but when he joined forces with Sun Quan, Liu Bei took the lead. The reason is that Sun Quan cannot form an alliance with Liu Qi.
In addition to Cao Cao and Sun Quan, Liu Zhang, the Yizhou in the west of Jingzhou, was hostile to Jingzhou, and Cao Cao scolded Liu Biao when he went south. Self-defense thief? In fact, there is also suspicion of being wronged, because in Cao Cao's war to unify the north, Liu Biao did not act, but the direction of the war was not to develop northward, but to develop southward and westward. After Ada died in Yizhou in 194, Liu Zhang was immediately supported. Liu Biao has been playing the idea of Yizhou, constantly turning against Liu Zhang's generals, and turning against many generals in succession, which led to the great reduction of Yizhou's strength, but it still failed.
It can be said that Liu Biao, who has a warm surface and poor popularity, has been defeated in his alliance, and the rest are his enemies.
The factional struggle in Jingzhou and Liu Cong's unstable inheritance were the important factors for his surrender to Cao Cao. At present, the sudden death of a head of state, Liu Biao, is undoubtedly a challenge for the new successor. Besides, Liu Cong actually has no big skills. At first, he wanted to continue Liu Biao's strategy. According to the land of Chu, keep the first gentleman to see the world? The final surrender had a lot to do with the internal contradictions in Jingzhou at that time.
(1) Jingzhou seems to be powerful, but in fact it is fragmented and cannot form an effective unified defense position. Jingzhou has an important geographical location. Under Liu Biao's recuperation policy, its economic population has been effectively developed, and it is an ideal area under the situation of melee in the Central Plains at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, such a big country, seemingly powerful, is actually fragmented.
Compared with other counties, Jingzhou was occupied by Liu Biao in A.D. 190, and in A.D. 208 it was 18, with many factions. The dominant is Jingzhou local faction. Liu Biao is not a native of Jingzhou, but relies on the Han family to establish rule with Jingzhou Haozu. Therefore, Jingzhou local factions are the strongest, especially Kuai and Cai.
In addition to the local school, there are Hakka schools. Because of the perennial riots in the Central Plains, only Jingzhou is peaceful, so many people have taken refuge in Jingzhou. During the Jian 'an period, millions of people poured into Jingzhou from all over the country, including refugees and many celebrities. Zhuge Liang, whom we are familiar with, is one of them. Although these people have no voice in politics, they also have some influence.
Of course, the most influential Hakkas are exiled warlords. At that time, there was a famine in the whole country, and many exiled warlords had to flood into Jingzhou. In the first year of Jian 'an, after Dong Zhuo's death, Zhang Ji, the former Xiliang staff officer, had to enter Jingzhou to fight against Liu Biao. After Zhang Ji's death, Zhang Xiu gained the relieving and recruited Liu Biao. In addition to Zhang Xiu, Liu Bei was later exiled in Jingzhou.
In order to avoid conflict with foreign military forces as much as possible, Liu Biao mostly took this relatively moderate measure to establish a defense system for the guest army outside Jingzhou. Of course, we know that this defense system is actually fragmented, as exemplified by Zhang Xiu's two surrenders to Cao Cao.
Cao Cao's army came to levy, and local ships were sent to avoid danger. Most residents surrendered without fighting. In the end, only Liu Qi and Liu Bei formed a strong anti-Cao camp.
(2) After Liu Biao's death, there was a dispute over inheritance rights in Jingzhou. Apart from leaving a defensive system in name only, Liu Biao's biggest bomb is actually the dispute over inheritance rights, but this is often overlooked by us.
Liu Biao's eldest son is Liu Qi and his second son is Liu Cong. Liu Biao's death is an act of abandoning dragons to promote youth. We know that Liu Biao is a Confucian scholar, and the most taboo is not obeying the rules. Why did Liu Biao do this? Nothing? Let Liu cong take the throne?
In fact, Liu Cong's accession to the throne is also a derivative product of Jingzhou factional strife. After the death of the original match, Liu Biao inherited Cai (Cai Mao's sister) from a famous family in Jingzhou, and Liu Cong's wife was Cai's niece. Based on this relationship, Liu Cong won the support of local factions in Jingzhou.
Liu Qi was gradually marginalized. At that time, she had to seek the support of Liu Bei Group, who lived in Jingzhou. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang several times about his plan, and finally Zhuge Liang made a plan. Don't you see that Shen Sheng is in danger, but is Zhong Er safe outside? ? Liu Qi immediately understood that he should stay away from the political center of Jingzhou to avoid accidents.
In the spring of the 13th year of Jian 'an, Sun Quan of Jiangdong launched a military action against Jingzhou, killing Huang Zu, the satrap of Jiangxia, and later Liu Qi became the satrap of Jiangxia and fled Xiangyang.
Liu Qi, of course, is by no means a gluttonous person, and it is impossible not to compete for the position of the Lord of Jingzhou. As Liu Biao lay dying, Liu Qi wanted to see the last side, which should be his last effort, but Cai Mao and others stopped him at that time, but failed.
When Liu Biao died, Liu Qi was not indifferent, but led Jiangxia military forces to Xiangyang. Obviously, that's to kill Liu Cong. According to Xiangyang Old Records, Liu Qi was carried? Pretending to go to the funeral, with the intention of begging? .
Although the local faction in Jingzhou is strong, there are people who support Liu Qi. Part of Liu Qi's army, Jingzhou is bound to be in danger. However, Cao Cao's army had gone south, and Liu Qi met Liu Bei who was defeated on the road, forcing Liu Qi to return to Jiangxia. Thus, after Liu Biao's death, without Cao Cao's expedition to the south, Liu Cong's ability would be impossible to stay in Jingzhou, not just his younger brother Liu Qi? Justice? Liu Bei, who is the guest? Watching? Surrender to Cao Wei became the best choice.
(3) The pro-Cao faction has absolute right to speak in Jingzhou, forcing Liu Cong to reduce the internal and external environment of Jingzhou. Of course, even if it is difficult, Jingzhou is Liu's inheritance, and Liu Biao will not surrender anyway. This is why Liu Biao later pinned his hopes on Liu Bei, hoping that Liu Bei could help Liu Cong to resist Cao.
However, all things in Jingzhou are not necessarily in the hands of the Liu family. Liu Bei has only a few thousand guest troops, and he is not closely related to Liu Cong. There is no basis for cooperation. Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei to attack Xiangyang when he retreated. Actually, it's bullshit. Even if Liu Bei can defeat Liu Cong, it is impossible to control Jingzhou and integrate all resources against Cao.
Jingzhou, which occupied the greatest discourse power at that time, was actually a pro-Cao faction formed after Liu Biao's death. From the perspective of maximizing their own interests, they all hope to solve the war peacefully. What does Liu Cong want? According to the land of Chu, keep the first gentleman to see the world? That's impossible.
The factions in Jingzhou have been introduced above. For the most powerful local factions, they are iron camps and officials out of water. No matter who comes to Jingzhou to take charge, it will not affect their aristocratic status. Therefore, whether Liu Lai is in charge or Cao Shilai is in charge, for them, it's just another boss.
On the other hand, it is the Hakka school in Jingzhou. Although they don't have much land in Jingzhou, many of them have fled, but these people are born to hate war. Why else did they flee to Jingzhou? When attacking Cao Cao's army, most Hakka factions were unwilling to resist.
It's like when Cao Cao was going to attack Sun Quan, the ministers in Wu Dong were in the same state, frantically conveying the good idea of surrender to Sun Quan.
Only a few people such as Liu Bei and Cao Cao fought to the death. At that time, Liu Bei resisted Cao Cao for two reasons. On the one hand, he is ambitious, and he is not a long-lived person. On the other hand, during the battle of Guandu, Liu Bei and Dong Cheng had a joint venture? A ribbon? Almost killed Cao Cao, making Cao Cao resolutely crack down on Liu Bei, with no retreat.
At that time, pro-Cao factions in Jingzhou, such as Han Song and Liu Xian, directly advised Liu Biao when he was still alive? Take the state attached to Cao Gong? It is also suggested that Liu Biao mortgage his son to Cao Cao.
As soon as Liu Cong succeeded to the throne, he did not gain a foothold. In addition, the political control of Liu regime in Jingzhou itself depends on local tycoons. Now they want to surrender, and Liu He can't stop them.
What is even more frightening is that many areas in Jingzhou simply refused to accept Liu's rule. In the Battle of Guandu, Zhang Xi 'an, the magistrate of Changsha County, led Guiyang County, Wuling County and Lingling County to support Cao Cao and * * * against Liu Biao's rule. As mentioned earlier, it was the critical period for Cao Cao to fight against Yuan Shao, and Zhang Xian could not go south to help. After Zhang Xian died, his son was defeated by Liu Biao.
Seven counties in Jingzhou and four counties in Jiangnan all had criminal records of betraying Liu and supporting Cao Cao. How powerful is Jingzhou's pro-Cao faction?
After Cao Cao pacified Jingzhou? On the merits of Jingzhou's submission, there are fifteen people. , directly from the written performance of the capitulators.
On the whole, it was a last resort for Liu Cong to lead Jingzhou to Cao Cao. At that time, the internal and external environment in Jingzhou was complex and beyond the control of ordinary people, even though Liu Biao was alive.
In this case, surrender is a good ending. After Liu Cong's surrender, there are few historical records. According to the ancient practice of compiling history, there is nothing bad, and Liu Cong should have died a fair death. Although Cao Cao later satirized Liu Cong's stupidity and dismissed him, in fact, there were only two people after Cao Cao, one was Liu Bei and the other was Sun Quan, and the rest didn't enter him.
It can be said that Liu Cong's surrender to Cao Cao has great inevitability.
As Fu Xun, a pro-Cao faction in Jingzhou, said:? If Liu Bei is not enough to defend Tsao Gong, it is not enough to save the land of Chu. If Liu Bei was loyal to Cao Gong, he would not be prepared as a general. ?
Since winning Jingzhou is not your own, it is better to surrender directly and find yourself a home as soon as possible. This is still a high-quality resource.