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Chinese history in Indonesia
/kloc-Before the 5th century, there was almost no direct contact between China and Indonesia. Trade between China and Indonesia is in the hands of Indonesians. The standard name of China merchant ship, junk, comes from Javanese, jong[. The Javanese used Jong to describe the merchant ships that traveled long distances from the south of China to Southeast Asia. It is recorded in China's historical materials that in the 5th century, Fa Xian, a monk, passed through this area and went to India. During the Tang Dynasty, there were frequent contacts with the Kingdom of Indonesia.

Ironically, China was the earliest Islamic missionary in Java, but now most Indonesian Chinese are not Muslims. There is a theory that in the15th century, China merchant ships such as Zheng He brought Islam to Indonesia. Another theory is that Indians brought Islam to the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia. Dutch love

The earliest wave of China immigrants occurred in the early and middle period of Dutch colonization, and most of them were vendors looking for business opportunities.

The relationship between Chinese and Indonesian aborigines is still problematic today. Some commentators believe that this can be traced back to the Dutch colonial period. At that time, the Dutch colonial policy was biased towards the Chinese, so the Chinese established an economic dominant position in this region.

The social hierarchy established by the Dutch makes it difficult for Chinese to integrate with local aborigines. Because China and Arabs are the second stratum of society, the aborigines are the lowest stratum, and Europeans are the highest stratum. The Dutch are the inventors of the strategy of selectively giving preferential treatment to a certain minority or religion to destroy the original social system. China people became the props of their colonial rule and the buffer of their conflict with the aborigines. The French and the British later adopted the same strategy, using local Catholics and Jews to rule the Arab world.

Many people in China became supporters of colonial rule because the Dutch thought they were smart, hardworking and capable of managing large farms. In fact, in the early days of Dutch colonization, Chinese actively supported the Dutch to establish a dominant position in this area. For example, in the17th century, Souw Beng Kong, the "Chinese captain" of Bandan Province, organized a large number of China immigrants to Indonesia during his administration in Jakarta, which greatly shook the economy of this region and made it easier for the Dutch to conquer Bandan, an Islamic kingdom.

As a reward, Su Minggang (Song Bagong) became the first Capitin in China on 16 19. And rewarded his successor with fiefs and awarded Sia a hereditary title. These noble nuns have mastered a lot of land and wealth confiscated from Java aborigines. In this way, they ruled Jakarta Nyonya and China. This system was later extended to other islands, including Java.

Those indigenous people who have been deprived of their land lack the economic foundation to establish their own territory. So they tried to take back their land by force.

The Dutch and China participated in the trade of thousands of Javanese slaves. Javanese were considered to be prone to problems, so they were transported to China Farm in Sumatra. Dutch people are often unfriendly to China people. /kloc-In the early 8th century, since Jakarta, China people have dominated the economy, which to some extent has led to increasingly tense relations between them.

A large number of Chinese workers have built the city of Jakarta and reclaimed land nearby. The number of businessmen in China is also increasing, which makes the Dutch East India Company (VOC) more and more dependent on China people.

Since most of the profits of the East India Company come from the trade between Asian countries and are not shipped back to the Netherlands, Chinese in Jakarta naturally become the best way to get in touch with China.

The Dutch and China people depend on each other economically, so there should be a good relationship in theory. However, the social status of China people is actually equal to that of the Dutch, and they are economic rivals. This factor makes the Dutch hate China people more and more.

It is not only Chinese gangs that cause hatred, but also Chinese activities in various economic fields in Java: rich Chinese bring poor people from China as coolies to carry out agricultural production. These coolies have become the main labor force in sugarcane plantations, the most important economic field.

More and more coolies were introduced, resulting in that by the year of 1740, the population of China accounted for half of the area ruled by the Dutch East India Company. 1690, the colonial authorities prohibited the introduction of coolies from China. However, this did not stop the tide of importing coolies from China, and employers continued to introduce coolies by bribing officials.

From 65438 to 0720, the European market is gradually saturated, and the sugar market is facing a deeper and deeper crisis. Sugarcane farms in Java face fierce competition from cheaper Brazilian sugar. Many farmers went bankrupt, and the colonial authorities did not take measures to alleviate the increasingly serious unemployment problem. Some desperate unemployed people became mobs.

Finally, the colonial authorities announced that Kalimantan coolies would be transported to the Dutch plantation in Galle, south of Ceylon. It is impossible to know whether it is the true intention of the Dutch, and rumors began to spread. The Dutch wanted to transport these coolies to the sea and throw them away. The coolie refused to board the ship and the rebellion broke out. Rebels not only robbed the countryside, but even attacked Jakarta.

Although there is no evidence, the Dutch in Jakarta suspect that 5,000 China people in the city plan to join the rebels. 109, the Dutch ordered a search of all China residents' houses in Jakarta. This eventually turned into a three-day all-round massacre-all China people were slaughtered in their own homes, and those who had been captured were immediately executed in prisons and hospitals.

A missionary fanned the flames, saying that killing Chinese people was "providence". It is said that the colonial government offered a reward to everyone. The number of victims of this massacre is estimated to be 5000 to 10000. The name Carlhian is said to come from the "river of blood" caused by the Holocaust.

Later, the colonial government announced that the restoration would continue. In other Dutch-ruled cities, such as Jakarta, China people are designated to live in certain areas. Chinese in Jakarta were designated to live in Glodeau, and there are still many Chinese living there.

After the massacre, the Dutch Governor Adrian Warken was arrested and asked to explain to Helen XVII (the 17th Royal Highness, director of the Dutch East India Company). He died in prison, but the charges against him were declared "exempt from the death penalty".

This incident is often mentioned afterwards, especially when the situation is tense.

Continue to immigrate, divided into three branches.

Even such a bloody incident did not stop Chinese from continuing to emigrate to Indonesian islands. Economic opportunities that cannot be found in China are more attractive than the danger of discrimination and oppression.

During this period, early immigrants from China had closer ties with Chinese mainland, which was manifested in their strong consciousness of going home and taking it as their temporary residence.

From the middle of18th century, Emperor Qianlong thought that these exiles were traitors, which would pose a threat to China, and the attitude of immigrants to returning to China began to change. Although Emperor Qianlong adopted a closed-door policy, there is no evidence that these overseas exiles were forbidden to return to their hometown.

However, many exiles find the Indonesian islands more attractive to them. The hostility and oppression of the Manchu government led to more people moving out of China. Under the temptation of comfortable life, some people no longer associate with Chinese mainland. They are called "greedy mothers". Some widowed mothers marry local aborigines, but they are usually the daughters of coolies.

Many people in China consider themselves Dutch and Catholic. Not only do they usually have a good education and a high social status, but they also imitate the western way of life and think they are superior. They are called overseas China students. /kloc-In the late 20th century, most aristocratic families with Sia as their title were rapidly westernized. By the beginning of the 20th century, many of them-especially those near Jakarta-were even "more Dutch than the Dutch". These Sia nobles used to be the staunchest supporters of colonial rule.

These China people who still maintain relations with Chinese mainland still maintain their China beliefs and customs, and regard Chen Niangya and overseas Chinese students as unfilial sons, because Chen Niangya and overseas Chinese students try to avoid the China tradition, and these still "pure" China people are called new visitors.

These three Indonesian Chinese groups have completely different national views.

Overseas Chinese students prefer Holland, Channyangnya prefers Indonesian aborigines, and newcomers prefer China.

After the Dutch changed its policy, Sia nobles began to decline.

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Sia nobles who had long dominated the economy were systematically destroyed by the Dutch colonial government they supported. After Queen Wilhelmina emphasized in her speech to the Dutch Parliament that she owed east indies a "moral debt", the colonial government implemented the so-called "social policy". The goal of this policy is to end the feudal system in Java and break the shackles of nobles.

As a result, the Sia aristocrats in China, rather than the indigenous aristocrats, suffered from this policy. The land of indigenous people was confiscated by the Dutch in the early colonial period, and the kingdom of Majapahit was divided into four parts. In order to remedy this unpopular and actually racist policy, the Dutch launched a plan to recruit these upper-middle class and semi-aristocratic families as civil servants, who were called Priya.

The Dutch government forcibly acquired aristocratic fiefs, destroying many China landlord families. Although many of them successfully moved to the commercial field, most former Sia aristocrats (the title was abolished in the 1940s) were replaced by new customers. The latter is still the most powerful ethnic group in Indonesia.

With the decline of feudal Sia nobles, Indonesian Chinese experienced a modernization process, and they established a western-style social and political system. In the 1920s, they established the first non-western school in Java, Surabaya. In 1960s, many schools in China were established in big cities. The first Chinese newspaper and political party were also established during this period. Some of these political parties consider themselves as part of Indonesia's national movement, while others also consider Indonesian Chinese as China nationals. The question of whether Indonesian Chinese are nationals of China has been unresolved for decades.