/kloc-when Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing in 0/900, he even set up a headquarters here, set up a cannon on the altar of the oasis, and attacked Zhengyangmen and the Forbidden City. The allies swept away almost all the furniture and sacrificial vessels.
19 12 After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Temple of Heaven no longer held any sacrificial activities, except for Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China, who sacrificed to heaven on the winter solstice day of 19 13. 19 18 has been turned into a park and officially opened to the public. At present, the cypress in the park is lush, which is a large garden in the south of Beijing.
The Temple of Heaven covers an area of about 2.73 million square meters, which is four times the area of the Forbidden City. As the largest and highest-ranking ancient sacrificial building in China, it has strict layout, unique architectural structure and gorgeous decoration. It skillfully applies the principles of mechanics, acoustics and geometry, has high historical, scientific and cultural value, and occupies an important position in the architectural history of China.
Extended data:
I. Layout
The Temple of Heaven is divided into an inner altar and an outer altar by a double altar wall, which looks like the word "Hui". The south corner of the double altar wall is right-angled, and the north corner is arc-shaped, symbolizing "the land of heaven and earth", commonly known as "the wall of heaven and earth". The circumference of the outer altar wall is 6553 meters. It turns out that the Western Wall only opened the Valley Gate and the Autumn Gate. After 1949, the east gate and the north gate were built one after another, and Zhao Hengmen in the south of the inner altar was changed to the south gate.
The perimeter of the altar wall in the Temple of Heaven is 41.52m, and there are six gates, namely, East Gate, North Gate and West Gate, while the south gate of the Ball Hall has Taiyuan Gate, Zhao Heng Gate and Guangli Gate. The main buildings are concentrated in the inner altar. In the south, there are Oahu Altar and Royal Dome, and in the north, there are the Hall of Praying for the New Year and the Hall of Emperor Gan. The two parts are separated by a partition wall. A "single bridge" (brick walkway) with a length of 360 meters, a width of 28 meters and a height of 2.5 meters connects the Oahu Island altar and the valley prayer altar, forming the north-south axis of the inner altar.
Second, the architectural features
The main design idea of Tiantan architecture is to highlight the vastness and height of the sky to show the supremacy of "heaven". In layout, the inner altar is located on the east side of the north-south central axis of the outer altar, while the ball altar and prayer altar are located on the east side of the central axis of the inner altar. These are all to increase the openness of the west, so that people can gain a broad vision after entering the Temple of Heaven from the main entrance in the west, and thus feel the greatness of heaven and its own smallness.
As far as single buildings are concerned, the Hall for Praying for the New Year and the Royal Hall both adopt circular pyramid roofs, and their external bases and eaves shrink and rise layer by layer, which also reflects a feeling of being close to the sky.
The Temple of Heaven also displays the unique meaning and symbolic expression of China traditional culture everywhere. The altar wall and outer wall in the south of the North Circle are square and circular architectural design, which symbolizes the traditional world view of "the sky is round and the place is round". The widespread use of blue glazed tiles in major buildings, as well as the "Yang Shu" in the altar and the design of columns in the Hall of Prayer for the New Year are also concrete manifestations of this expression.
In addition, the cypress forest in the Temple of Heaven has also played a great role in creating a solemn and quiet environment. An effective way to set off the shrine sacrifice with the tall and straight posture and quiet tone of evergreen trees. People feel that a large area of lush cypress forests has increased the sense of solemnity when people sacrifice.
Three. world heritage
The World Heritage Committee of UNESCO commented on the Temple of Heaven: The Temple of Heaven is a masterpiece of architecture and landscape design, which simply and vividly reflects one of the great civilizations in the world. ?
1998 UNESCO World Heritage Committee listed the Temple of Heaven on the World Heritage List. The unique historical and cultural connotation, valuable scientific and artistic value and beautiful garden landscape of the Temple of Heaven have gained more extensive understanding and attention in the world.
The Temple of Heaven is the altar of ancient emperors in China, and it is also the crystallization of China's long-standing culture of offering sacrifices to heaven. Its magnificent architecture, verdant ancient trees and rich collection of cultural relics not only recorded the expectations and hopes of ancient China ancestors, but also recorded the wisdom, fatuity and decay of feudal emperors.