According to the above clues, the analysis is as follows:
The emergence and development of capitalism: (1) economy. Workshop handicraft period is the childhood of capitalism. After the seeds of capitalism first appeared in Italy in 14 and 15 centuries, capitalism developed into the handicraft workshop era, such as Britain, France, Holland and even China in 18 centuries. The main reasons are the development of productive forces and commodity economy, and the promotion of mercantilist policies in European feudal countries. Britain, France and other countries used the new route to be in the center of the Atlantic route, and adopted four major means: actively developing domestic and foreign commercial trade, exploiting their own working people (such as the British enclosure movement), colonizing and plundering, and selling black slaves, so as to continuously increase the original accumulation of capital. These not only promoted the development of handicraft workshops, but also provided material conditions for the next stage of industrial revolution and the political victory of capitalism over feudalism. At the same time, it also means the continuous disintegration of feudal natural economy and feudal serfdom.
(2) politics. The development of capitalist economy determines the strength of the bourgeoisie, which is reflected in the political field because the capitalist system is in some advanced countries in Europe and America. /kloc-The Dutch Revolution in the 6th century, the English Revolution in the 7th century and the French Revolution in the 8th century started the transition from feudal system to capitalism in a revolutionary way. It greatly promoted the development of productive forces and capitalist economy, paved the way for the establishment of capitalist political and economic system, and created conditions for the industrial revolution and the initial formation of the world capitalist system. At this stage, only the Netherlands, Britain, the United States and France have established a capitalist system, and feudal forces still dominate. Although the strength of capitalism is weak, as a new thing, its development is an irresistible historical trend, and it will eventually replace the old system. In the17th and18th centuries, the feudal reforms in France, Russia, Germany and Austria in Europe had to implement mercantilist policies and adopt capitalist production methods and achievements to strengthen the feudal system, which also showed that the development of capitalism had become the main trend of historical development.
(3) Colonial aggression and its contradictions. The colonial expansion at this stage is characterized by the invasion and decline of Portugal and Spain in the United States, Asia and Africa in the16th century, the rise of Holland, Britain and France in the17th century, and the invasion of America and Asia. Because of the different social nature, the purpose of colonial aggression is also different. Spain, Portugal and France belonged to feudal society in16-18th century. The purpose of colonial expansion is to plunder wealth for consumption and enjoyment, so the national strength is not strong. The Netherlands and Britain are capitalist countries, and the purpose of colonial expansion is to seek commodity sales markets and raw material producing areas (plundering wealth into capital), so they have become powerful. There are similarities and differences in their expansion methods, and their evaluation is not the same, which deserves careful analysis. Colonial expansion will inevitably lead to the contradiction of competing for European and world markets and world hegemony. As a result,17th century witnessed three wars between Britain and Holland, and18th century witnessed wars between Britain and France. Finally, Britain became the largest colonial country in the world. The failure of France shows that the backward feudal countries are unable to defeat the advanced capitalist system.
Second, the national liberation movement. Colonial aggression by feudal countries and capitalist countries will inevitably lead to the resistance of colonial and semi-colonial people. The struggle for national independence and national liberation has also begun. At this stage, the focus of the national liberation movement was in the United States, first of all, the American War of Independence. The Haitian revolution opened the curtain of the Latin American independence movement and shocked the whole world. This is related to the early colonial expansion of Spain and Portugal after the opening of the new air route. The early national liberation movement took place in Europe. The Dutch revolution not only made the Netherlands independent, but also reflected the rise of capitalism, just like the American War of Independence. The national liberation movement is one of the three historical progress trends at this stage.
Third, the workers' movement and the socialist movement. At this stage, the proletariat in the period of workshop and handicraft industry is weak, and the contradiction with the bourgeoisie has not intensified, so it cannot independently enter the political stage and the international stage. It has not yet formed a strong historical trend.
Fourth, the trend of ideological emancipation. Enlightenment from 17 to 18,
The essence is the rise and development of bourgeois ideology. These two ideological emancipation movements in modern history are a relationship of inheritance and development, and their veins are "humanism" and "humanism" The fundamental reason is that the capitalist commodity economy first requires human freedom. Therefore, the Renaissance first arose in Italy, where capitalism sprouted the earliest. The Enlightenment rose in the Netherlands and Britain, the frontier of capitalist development in the17th century, and the center of the Enlightenment moved to France in the18th century. The representative figures are Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot and Rousseau, the most radical bourgeois democratic thinker. The Enlightenment violently impacted the feudal ideology and system, and prepared for the bourgeois revolution and reform all over the world.
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