First reading: the basis of solving problems

1. Generally speaking, you have to watch it twice. Read, browse and understand the main idea for the first time. There are two main tasks. First, understand the time, place, people and events involved in the materials. Second, pay attention to the relationship between each piece of material and read out the core content of the material narrative.

2. Review the questions, read the materials carefully with questions, and read the materials thoroughly.

(1) Pay attention to specific material analysis when reading materials carefully. For example, the materials of ancient history are mostly classical Chinese, so we should carefully select them, read through the original meaning of the materials and dig out their extended meanings, just like analyzing ancient Chinese in Chinese class. Most of the world history materials are translated in foreign languages, and some sentences are very long and difficult to understand; At this time, it can be handled according to the method of dividing sentence components in Chinese class. Find the subject, predicate and object of the sentence first, and then find other modifiers such as definite, complement and adverbial.

Although reading and understanding materials correctly is related to the level of Chinese reading, we must have a sense of history, use historical viewpoints, contact relevant historical knowledge and read from the height of historical knowledge system. For example, in question 39 of 1995, it is required to list the hard work, production and operation of Changlong Silk Reeling Factory one by one. If we don't read it from the historical perspective of the emergence and development of national industries in modern China, we will be dazzled and confused.

(2) When reading the information, you must look at the problem carefully. Because the essence of asking questions is to determine the direction for analyzing the materials, so that candidates can fully extract the effective information provided by the materials when reading the materials. Therefore, it is a shortcut to get effective information as soon as possible to make clear the requirements of the question and reread the material carefully according to the direction of the question.

(3) When reading materials, in addition to reading the text of the materials, we should pay special attention to the suggestive words and sources of the materials. These explanatory words can provide information such as the time, country, author and background of the materials, give some hints and guidance to the candidates, and sometimes play the role of' effortless'. Such as; The following suggestive text in question 46' 92' reflects four pieces of materials about the same dynasty, among which' the same dynasty' is an important message. Especially if you put the source of the material in front of the material, you must look more carefully, which is definitely useful for solving problems. For example,' the following materials are the analysis of the war situation by former Qin ministers before the Battle of Feishui', which provides an important information-the historical background of the materials.

In addition, when reading materials, we should also pay attention to obtaining effective information from the beginning, end and ellipsis of stylistic materials (texts). The original text of the material is generally very long, and only a small part of the test questions can be extracted. Clause from the beginning to the end, the beginning and end of these two sentences, of course, have to consider serving the answer; Ellipsis deletes the content that has nothing to do with the answer. The content reserved on both sides of ellipsis must be important and must contain important information.

Second, find: the key to solving problems (note: in the actual process of solving problems, "find" and "read" often have the same meaning, and there is no need to completely separate them. )

1. Read all the information and find out the connection between them. Generally, every material problem has a center. Even if some material analysis questions have completely opposite views on some materials, they are around this center, confirming the contents involved in the materials or transferring textbook knowledge, so as to find a breakthrough in solving problems.

2. Finding out the analysis questions of materials and textbooks has the characteristics of "new materials, new situations and new problems", but no matter how new it is, it is bound to be inextricably linked with textbooks. Compare the key information in the material with the historical viewpoint of the textbook, and confirm which chapter and section the material involves, so that the material and the material are interlocking and the general direction of analysis is clear.

3. Find out the relevant points between the material and the question, and understand the intention of the proposer. Material analysis is a typical "combination of history and theory" topic. Reading materials is for answering questions, and answering questions cannot be separated from materials. Because "theory comes from history", the conclusion should be drawn from the understanding, excavation and sublimation of materials. The problem of material analysis must be based on materials. So when looking at the materials, we should think about the problems everywhere and compare them with each other in the materials. Or find information from the material to answer questions; Or pick up the important points neglected in reading materials from the information in the short passage, and then draw a conclusion through analysis and judgment. When looking for the relevant points between materials and problems, it is very important to understand the intention of the proposer to use these materials. 4. Read the questions and find out the different requirements of different material analysis questions. Judging from the college entrance examination questions in recent years, the questions and answers of material analysis questions mainly include the following types: first, ask questions at different levels and gradually summarize them. That is, around a center, from the outside to the inside, from the shallow to the deep, layer by layer. For example, in 1997, question 45, "Yong Zhengdi on the relationship between agriculture, industry and commerce". The second is to summarize and comment on the demonstration formula, such as the 39th question "Chen Qiyuan Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory" in 1995, which is a typical inductive material question. Third, in 1997, topic 44 "Archbishop of Southern Tang Dynasty" and "Paris Peace Conference" in 1998. Find out the different requirements of setting questions and the mistakes that can be avoided when answering questions.

Iii. A: The foothold of solving problems

1. Questions to pay attention to when organizing answers:

(1) Answer the question. Pay attention to pertinence and concreteness. Material analysis problems are mostly composed of several questions, but each question has a specific direction. Answer questions should be organized according to specific requirements, and the answer content should be determined according to the score.

⑵ Overcome the mindset and adhere to the theory of proceeding from history. Proposers sometimes choose materials different from textbooks to reflect their academic views, so as to examine their ability to extract material information and grasp correct views. For example, the "Westward Movement" in 1997. Therefore, when answering, we should overcome the mindset, analyze the materials in detail, and extract opinions from the materials.

⑶ Adhere to the correct viewpoints of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and accurately distinguish the right and wrong views of materials. Most of the materials cited in the material analysis questions are original historical materials, which inevitably get rid of the influence of the backward historical view of feudal historians. It must be distinguished according to the correct position and viewpoint.

(4) write carefully.

Fourth, how to answer historical questions?

1. First, clarify the basic structure of questions and answers.

Usually, question and answer consists of four parts: prompt item, limited item, central item and answer item. Prompt items are tips for students' answering methods, limited items are provisions on the time-space scope and situational connotation involved in the topic, central items are provisions on the objects and contents on which the answer is based, and answer items are provisions and requirements on the content and items of the answer. The central item is the core part of question and answer, the prompt item and the qualification item are subordinate to and serve the central item, and the central item determines the answer item.

All four items are in the same question and answer, but the position and order of appearance are uncertain. They are interdependent and reasonable, and jointly serve the examination efficiency of question and answer.

Such as: Zhao Yi, a historian of the Qing Dynasty? Tang Nv disaster? There is a saying in China that "the rule of Kaiyuan is that several families have given enough to others, but one Yang Guifei is enough to turn defeat into victory." Based on your understanding of the reasons why the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline, this paper analyzes and comments on Zhao Yi's views. (Examination questions in 1992)

Another example is to summarize the rise and fall of China's national capitalist industry before 1949, combined with the relevant social background. Briefly describe the historical position of national capitalism in China. (Examination questions in 1997)

(Note:)

Step 2 check the problem carefully

Examining questions is particularly important for answering questions. Whether you can do well in the exam is the premise of answering well. Usually, the body should pay attention to the following aspects.

First, determine the question type. With the comprehensive trend of college entrance examination questions, its complexity is strengthened. When examining questions, we should determine the types of questions according to the prompt items and descriptive words such as brief description, overview, explanation, analysis, analysis, evaluation, discussion and comparison, and then determine the basic ideas and methods of solving problems in turn. (abbreviation: test type, determine the answer format)

Second, clarify the requirements of the topic. First of all, we should make clear the categories and basic structures of questions and answers, correctly find out the prompt items, limited items, central items and answer items, and comprehensively and accurately grasp the meaning and requirements of questions. The specific operations are as follows: the upper and lower limits of trial time, determine the historical scope; (2) the trial center, clear historical content; (3) the language expression around the center; (4) The language expression should be logical, and the history should be combined with the theory; (5) The subsection should be focused; [6] Review theoretical viewpoints and combine history with theory.

Third, dig the meaning of the problem. Determine the time limit, content and scope of thinking according to the requirements. For example, 1995 "The Problem of Production Relations after the Founding of the People's Republic of China" involves three aspects: the steps of the transformation of production relations, the reasons, contents and results of each transformation, and the theoretical basis. Candidates have to answer the three changes in production relations since the founding of the People's Republic of China, but many candidates only answer the first and second changes. When answering questions about the material, we should make clear the viewpoint of the material and the relationship between the viewpoint and the examination questions. According to the law of multiple questions and score distribution, the key and non-key points are clearly defined, and the content and time distribution of each part are determined accordingly.

Fourth, examine the viewpoint of the material. At present, many questions and answers are created by materials. This requires a clear understanding of the viewpoints of the historical materials cited, especially the argumentation problems related to the materials. Most of their views and conclusions are arguments that need to be demonstrated by candidates. Otherwise, it's beside the point, Wan Li.

overcome a difficulty

The questions and answers of candidates are difficult in three aspects: highly generalized grammar, commenting methods and theoretical understanding. We must solve the above difficulties and key points in a targeted manner.

First, about highly generalized topics. This kind of topic spans a large span and involves many historical facts, highlighting the ability of "induction, comparison and generalization". According to the direction and requirements of the topic, we can choose and refine the historical facts scattered in the teaching materials, and we can use the method of refining and summarizing the concentrated historical facts, the method of summarizing with time sequence as the key link, and the method of summarizing based on logical relationship to make the generalization concise and accurate.

Second, about critical topics. Solicit opinions by putting forward opinions and providing materials, such as "Yang Guifei's topic". Historical criticism is one of the characteristics of historical discipline. To make a concrete analysis of specific things, everything is based on weather, geography and human harmony, and we can't make an empty evaluation from abstract principles without considering specific historical conditions. Under normal circumstances, according to the requirements of the topic and historical elements, the correct point of view is used for multi-angle evaluation. For the material topic, first, according to the effective information of the topic, comment from the implicit point of view.

Third, the topic of theoretical understanding. This requirement is mainly included in the top-level question and answer "What do you mean?" . At present, most viewpoints of historical materialism and dialectical materialism are implicit in the topic. We can closely follow the requirements of the topic, use relevant basic theories and viewpoints, and combine history with theory to demonstrate and reveal the conclusion of the topic.

4. Screening points

In the process of carefully examining the topic, we should think divergently about the knowledge of the textbook according to the requirements of the topic, and think comprehensively and stereoscopically from the aspects of material organization and viewpoint application, so as to organize the historical facts well and determine the viewpoint. However, the characteristics of the question and answer questions do not require that all historical facts be listed. Therefore, we should carefully screen historical facts and determine the main points according to the direction of the topic. Remember to pile up transplant historical materials regardless of priorities.

Make a short outline

The development of the proposition of the senior high school entrance examination is definitely a rare problem. Therefore, it is particularly important to write an outline. On the basis of sorting out the problem-solving ideas and sorting out the materials, according to the requirements of the topic, the answer outline is quickly compiled. The outline should be as simple as possible, and there is no need to list it in detail. Just make it clear yourself.