Hippocrates used "cancer" and "cancer" to describe non-ulcerative and ulcerative tumors.
In Greek, "cancer" and "cancer" both mean "crab". The reason why such a word is used to name this disease is because cancer is diffuse, which is easily reminiscent of when crabs' pliers are open everywhere.
Cancer is the most common type of cancer.
This shows that cancer has been discovered for more than 2000 years.
You don't have to doubt that. China's medicine is not backward. The word cancer will also flow into China during the Opium War at the latest. Anyway, even without this word, the old doctors in China have known about it for a long time, so I think people in China have known about cancer for no less than 1000 years. Look at this.
Wang Lida (1958: 94) said that "cancer" was a Chinese character created by the Japanese.
Wang said that it was inherited by some scholars, such as (1999: 47).
However, according to the research of Huang Jingui (1995: 6 17) and He Huazhen (1998: 152), the word "cancer" first appeared in Bao Shu, Wei Ji (1 170).
Wei Ji Bao Shu is a monograph on surgery.
In the seventh volume, there are "five carbuncles": one is cancer, the other is carbuncle, the third is carbuncle, the fourth is carbuncle, and the fifth is carbuncle, with illustrations.
What was cancer at that time? He said, "The first-time cancer patients have no clue, but the flesh is hot and the pain is unbearable. After 17/27, it suddenly became slightly swollen, the pain gradually stopped, and the purple was soft and ripe, but it was not broken.
It is advisable to take it off the cart, and then take Paizhong Baidutoli for internal and external reinforcement, paste musk ointment after breaking it, and Wuji Pill for expelling wind and promoting qi circulation, and then take the rest medicines.
As one of the "five causes" of traditional Chinese medicine, "cancer" means carbuncle, which is not the same as "cancer" in the modern sense.
The word "cancer" began to have modern significance, and it was first published in 1792 "New Book of Choosing Doctors" by Hirozawa Ota, Japan.
In this book, "cancer" is used to translate the Dutch kanker (Gao Bai,1996: 220,240).
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, some English-Japanese dictionaries in Japan associated "cancer" with English cancer.
According to Shi Youwei's textual research (1998: 13), in the English-Chinese Translation Pocket Dictionary edited by Qu Ligong in18571862, cancer was translated with "cancer".
At the same time, it was in the middle of19th century, but it was a different situation in China: cancer was not simply called cancer, but called carbuncle and carbuncle.
1857, Benjamin Hobson (18 16- 1873) said in the introduction of western medicine: "Rectal carbuncle was born between one inch and two inches above * *, which is rare and incurable.
(See "On Western Medicine", Volume II, Shanghai: Yan Ji translated light.
The second issue of Medical Book Curtain, Tokyo: Winter Solstice Research, Showa 6 1, page 77) "Rectal carbuncle", that is, rectal cancer.
In the English-Chinese bilingual catalogue attached to the book Introduction to Western Medicine, there is a theory of "cancer and carbuncle" (ibid., p. 162).
"carbuncle" and "carbuncle" were originally TCM terms, and He Xin also said: "The theory of carbuncle is in the name of China.
Only the chest carbuncle is the same as that in China, and everything else is different.
"(ibid., vol. I, p. 109)
So, when did China begin to use the word "cancer" to represent cancer? Documentary evidence listed under "Cancer" in Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Dictionary are all selected from a letter written by Lu Xun in 1925.
Judging from this documentary evidence, Lu Xun had already used the word "cancer" to represent cancer.
Shi Youwei (1998: 12) said: "It was not until the 1920s that China decided to use' cancer' to translate cancer. For example, the English-Chinese Webster's Dictionary (1923) annotated cancer with' cancer, toxic cancer'.
In a reference book published five years earlier than the English-Chinese Webster's Dictionary, we also found the use case of the word "cancer".
19 18, in the Dictionary of Botany edited by Kong Qinglai and Wu Deliang (Commercial Press, Shanghai), there was an article called Chelidonium majus, which read: "This plant is poisonous, but its underground part can be used as medicine to treat gastric cancer.
(See the lower column on page 300) Chelidonium majus root is a Chinese herbal medicine, which can break blood stasis, reduce swelling, stop bleeding and relieve pain, treat peptic ulcer diseases, and also has a certain curative effect on gastric cancer (Jiangsu New Hospital, 1986: 749).
In Japan, in some early dictionaries, cancer is often called "cancer".
However, in 19 15, Kenji Matsui said that "cancer" was the abbreviation of "cancer" in the Great Japanese Mandarin Dictionary (Shi Youwei,: 1998: 13).
It seems that at that time, perhaps even before, "cancer" could be abbreviated as "cancer".
Therefore, the word "cancer" with modern significance was introduced into China from Japan, probably at the beginning of19th century.
The example of 19 18 above may not be the earliest.
In addition, the pronunciation of the word "cancer" is worth mentioning.
The original reading of Cancer is strict.
Li Rong (1990: 324) said: "196 1 year, Xinhua Dictionary was overhauled.
Considering that there is a better difference between' cancer' and' (inflammation), the editor referred to' Yan' in some dialects, pronounced as' Ya', which is the sound of ngai. There is no ng initial in Beijing pronunciation (unless it is pronounced continuously or ng becomes a syllable), so it is suggested to pronounce' cancer' as ai.
However, Shi Youwei (1998: 10) said: "The word' cancer' has been pronounced as' white' among the people for a long time.
According to the author's recollection, in the 1950s, most people in Shanghai could not help pronouncing ai sounds when they spoke Mandarin, and so did the author.
Chen Yuan (Chen Yuan, 199 1: 208) also said: "In the 1950s, the word' cancer' was changed to ai, and' stomach ai' was' gastric cancer', which was a major symptom; Stomach' is' gastritis', a minor illness.
Gastritis, pneumonia and enteritis are all pronounced yan in the original way, while gastric cancer, lung cancer and intestinal cancer are all changed to ai to show the difference.
Therefore, Shi Youwei (1998: 10) said: "In 196 1, Xinhua Dictionary adheres to the principle of conventions and homonyms, and it is really natural to change its pronunciation.
But it is by no means a simple' recommendation', but a process of having reality first and then confirming reality. "