Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Western Han Dynasty, was born in Zhou Nanwang in 59 years (256 BC) and died in 12 years (195 BC). He was born in Fengyi County, Pei County (now Fengxian County, Jiangsu Province). Some people say that his nickname is Liu Ji. He ranks third among the four brothers. In the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu was named Hanwang, so when he defeated Xiang Yu and founded the country, the title was "Han", because Chang 'an was his capital, which was called "Western Han Dynasty" in order to distinguish it from the "Han" in Luoyang.
First, young "hooligans" become heroes.
I don't like reading or working
Liu bang is generous and doesn't like reading very much, but he is tolerant of others. He didn't like working in the fields either, so he was often scolded as a "rogue" by his father, saying that he was not as good as his brother, but Liu Bang still went his own way. When Liu Bang grew up, he was admitted to the director of Surabaya. After a long time, he became acquainted with the county officials and became famous in the local area.
Liu bang was overjoyed. On the way to Xianyang, he met the Qin Shihuang brigade patrolling. Looking from a distance, Qin Shihuang was sitting in a beautifully decorated car, envious, and blurted out: "A gentleman should be like this!"
Marry Lu
Liu bang's wife is her daughter Lu. Lv Gong originally didn't live in Pei County, but later he forged a feud with people in his hometown, so he came to Pei County with his family, because the county magistrate of Pei County at that time was good friends with him. When I first arrived in Pei county, many people heard about his relationship with the county magistrate, so someone came to visit, pull a lesbian relationship and make friends. Liu bang heard about it and went to join in the fun. At that time, Xiao He, who was the county magistrate's bookkeeper in Pei County, presided over the reception. He announced a rule: anyone who receives a gift of less than 1000 yuan will sit at the bottom of the hall. Liu bang doesn't care about this at all. Although he didn't have any money with him, he said to the person in charge of delivering the letter, "I'll give you 10 thousand yuan for congratulations!" " "
Lv Gong heard these words and hurried out to meet him personally. As soon as I saw Liu Bang's majestic posture and unusual appearance, I liked it very much. Please sit down at the table. This time, Liu Bang not only ate a meal for nothing, but also had a full meal. After that, Lv Gong left him amicably and offered to marry his daughter. Liu bang wanted this marriage, got the consent of his parents and married Lu, which became famous in history. Han Huidi is the son of her and Liu Bang, and the other child is Princess Luyuan.
Use superstition
There are many superstitions and legends about emperors such as Liu Bang in historical materials. Once, Lv Hou and his daughter were weeding in the field, and an old man passed by and asked them for water to drink. After drinking the water, he said kindly that both of them are nobles. No sooner had the old man left than Liu Bang came back. Lv Hou told Liu Bang what the old man had just said. Liu bang was also very happy. He quickly caught up with the old man and let him see his face by himself. The old man said that because of him, his wife and daughter look alike, and Liu Bang's face is priceless. Liu bang was so happy that he thanked the old man and went back.
Later, Liu Bang was ordered to escort the torturers to serve in Lishan, but many people escaped halfway. Liu bang is also very helpless. When resting in osawa, Fengyi County, Liu Bang drank some wine, and then let the torturers loose the rope and let them run for their lives. But a dozen people didn't want to leave him alone, and they all expressed their willingness to follow him. Liu bang led everyone to escape, and the person in charge of escorting came back and told him that there was a big snake blocking the road and there was no way to pass. Liu bang was a little drunk and reprimanded: "We brave people are walking, what are we afraid of!" He separated the crowd and walked to the front alone. When he saw a snake lying in the middle of the road, he pulled out his sword and cut it off. After another walk, Liu Bang felt dizzy, so he lay on the side of the road and rested, waiting for the people behind him. After a while, the man behind caught up with him and told him that he saw an old lady crying by the roadside and asked her why. She said someone killed his son. When asked why he was killed, she said that his son was Bai Di's son. He had just turned into a snake, but was killed by Chi Di's son on the side of the road, so he was very sad. At that time, everyone thought the old lady was lying, but the old lady suddenly disappeared. When Liu Bang heard about it, he exulted in his heart, and later used it to improve his prestige and status.
Since then, Liu Bang has fled with people everywhere, but every time Lv Hou can find him, Liu Bang is very strange and asks his wife why. Lv Hou said that his hiding place is often surrounded by colorful clouds, so it is easy to be found. Liu bang later asked his men to spread the rumor widely, and many people believed it and wanted to come to him. In fact, this kind of rumor was basically deliberately fabricated by the emperor after the founding of the People's Republic of China in order to prove that he was different and had the spirit of a king.
Due to these legends, Liu Bang's prestige in the local area gradually increased, and more people followed him. He is called Peizhong hero by local people.
Pei Gong arose.
In 209 BC, a peasant uprising broke out at the end of Qin Dynasty. After Chen Sheng and the rebels captured Chen (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), Chen Sheng established the "Zhang Chu" regime and openly opposed Qin. At this time, Pei county magistrate also wanted to respond and continue to master Pei county regime. Xiao He and Cao Can were the main officials of the county magistrate at that time. They suggested that the county magistrate recall the people in exile in the county, which could increase their strength and prevent future troubles. Magistrate felt right, let Liu Bang's brother-in-law Fan Kuai get Liu Bang back, and Liu Bang took people back. The county magistrate here regretted it again, fearing that Liu Bang would return out of control or be killed by Liu Bang, which was tantamount to inviting wolves into the room. So, he ordered to close the gate, ready to capture Xiao He and Cao Can. When Xiao He and Cao Can heard the news, they quickly fled outside the city. Liu bang shot the letter into the city, encouraged the people in the city to rise up and kill the treacherous county magistrate, and together they defended their hometown. The people are very dissatisfied with the county magistrate who doesn't take care of them at ordinary times. After killing the county magistrate, they opened the gate to welcome Liu Bang and elected him Pei Gong to lead the uprising. Liu Bang listened to public opinion, set up an altar, called himself the son, and led the people to raise the anti-Qin banner. This year was September of the first year of Qin Ershi, and Liu Bang was 48 years old.
Second, the Central Plains is competing for the championship.
The demise of the Qin dynasty
There was also a powerful force in the peasant war at the end of the Qin Dynasty, that is, Xiang Yu, a descendant of the original Chu nobility, and his uncle Xiang Liang, rose up in Wuzhong (now Wuxian, Jiangsu) and soon reached nearly 10,000 people. At the same time, other descendants of the nobles of the six countries who were wiped out by Qin also rose up and joined the ranks of destroying Qin.
After Chen Sheng was killed by Zhuang Jia, the driver, Xiang Liang made Chu Huaiwang's grandson the King of Chu, with its capital in Xuyi (now Xuyi, Jiangsu). Later, he fought fiercely with Qin Jun led by Zhang Han and won several times at first. As a result, Xiang Liang became more and more arrogant, and no one else would listen. As a result, the reinforced Zhang Han was ambushed and killed. After Xiang Liang's death, he felt that Chu no longer posed a big threat, so he turned his main energy to Zhao. Zhao was attacked and asked Chu for help. After consulting with the generals, the king of Chu decided to divide his troops into two ways to reinforce Zhao. One route led by Yi Song and Xiang Yu went straight to the north for rescue, and the other route led by Liu Bang went west to enter Shanhaiguan, containing Qin Jun and coordinating reinforcements on the north road. The king of Chu and the generals agreed that whoever settled in Guanzhong first would be the king of the world. But everyone didn't have much hope of being king, because Qin Jun was still very strong at that time, and the generals didn't want to risk going west to fight Qin Jun. In order to avenge their uncle, Xiang Yu asked to go west with Liu Bang, but it was unanimously opposed by everyone. Everyone thinks Xiang Yu is much more cruel than Liu Bang, and he is young and inexperienced. Liu bang is an elder, kind and prestigious, so he finally decided to let Liu bang lead his troops west to Guanzhong.
Liu Bang didn't go well at first, but after several battles, Liu Bang moved westward step by step, and finally arrived in Enemy at the Gates, Bashang (now Anton) not far east of Xianyang. Zi Ying, the king of Qin, saw that the tide was running out, so he had to surrender and give the imperial seal to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty was thus destroyed.
Based on Guanzhong
Liu Bang proudly entered Xianyang City, calling himself "the King of Guanzhong". Looking at the magnificent palace, Liu Bang is a little nostalgic and ready to stay and enjoy it. Fan Kuai, my brother-in-law, advised him to pay attention to the fact that the world is still uncertain, and not to forget the lesson of Qin. Liu Bang didn't listen at all, and he didn't realize the seriousness of the problem until Sean personally persuaded him. So Liu Bang retreated his troops to Bashang.
After Liu Bang arrived at the dam, he called local celebrities and made three chapters with them: murder, wounding and theft. Other harsh legal systems in the Qin dynasty were abolished, which made him supported by the people.
After defeating Zhang Han and forcing him to surrender, Xiang Yu also led his troops straight to Guanzhong to compete for the title of king. When I arrived at Hangu Pass, I saw that Liu Bang not only pacified Guanzhong, but also sent troops to guard Hangu Pass. I was so angry that I immediately ordered Ying Bu to lead the troops to capture Hangu Pass, and then led 400,000 troops to Xianyang and stationed in Jingxia (now the northeast west bank of Lintong, Shaanxi). Cao Wushang, a subordinate of Liu Bang, was very dissatisfied with Liu Bang. In order to get a bigger official position, he secretly sent someone to provoke Xiang Yu, saying, "Pei Gong Liu Bang wants to be king in Guanzhong and then let Zi Ying be prime minister. He has pocketed all the possessions of Qin." Xiang Yu flew into a rage. Fan Ceng also suggested that he take this opportunity to get rid of Liu Bang. Xiang Yu ordered to prepare for the attack the next day. At this time, Liu Bang has been unable to compete with the powerful Xiang Yu in strength. He has only100000 troops, but he can't beat Xiang Yu's 400000 soldiers. Finally, Xiang Bo, Xiang Yu's uncle, "saved" Liu Bang: Xiang Bo and Sean, Liu Bang's counselor, were very close. Seeing that Xiang Yu was going to attack, they sneaked into the enemy camp overnight to find Sean and told him to leave quickly to avoid being killed. Sean said he couldn't leave Liu Bang, so he broke the news to Liu Bang. In a flurry, Liu Bang hurriedly asked Sean for advice. Sean sent Liu Bang to see Xiang Bo, indicating that he had no intention of competing with Xiang Yu for the throne.
So Liu Bang hosted a banquet for Xiang Bo, and he also agreed to be in-laws. He said to Xiang Bo, "Since I entered the customs, I have never dared to take possession of any property, register officials and people, seal up the state treasury, and wait for the general to come. The reason why I sent troops to guard Hangu Pass is not to prevent the general from entering the Pass, but to better guard the Guanzhong area and prevent robbers from invading. These people and I are looking forward to your early arrival day and night. How can I have a rebellious heart? Please be sure to explain this matter to General Xiang Yu when you go back and clarify the misunderstanding. " Xiang Bo readily agreed, and then said to Liu Bang, "General, you must go to our camp tomorrow and explain the situation to Xiang Yu in person, so that you can get Xiang Yu's forgiveness by making a gift." Liu Bang listened and agreed.
Xiang Bo returned to the barracks that night. He said to Xiang Yu: "Because Pei Gong entered the customs first and cleared the way for us to enter the customs, we can successfully pass the Hangu Pass. Pei Gong is a man of contribution. We should not doubt him and treat him sincerely. " Xiang Yu listened and decided not to attack Liu Bang.
The next day, Liu Bang came to Xiang Yu's barracks as promised, bringing only Fan Kuai, Sean and one hundred elite Qin Bing. Arrived at Xiang Yu's big account and apologized to Xiang Yu who greeted him. Xiang Yu invited Liu Bang to come in for dinner. At the banquet, both sides came and went, and Xiang Yu gave up the murder. Xiang Zhuang tried to assassinate Liu Bang in the name of sword dancing at the dinner party, but failed. This is the origin of the idiom "Xiang Zhuang dances with a sword, which is intended to be Pei Gong". Later, Liu bang left for an excuse and returned to the camp.
After the Hongmen Banquet, Xiang Yu led the army to the west and slaughtered the city in Xianyang. Zi Ying, king of Qin, was also killed, and Epang Palace in Qin Gong was set on fire by Xiang Yu. After the Epang Palace was burned, Xiang Yu made all the generals kings, sealing a total of 19 princes. Liu bang named Hanwang, with the territory of 41 counties of Ba, Shu and Han, and the capital of Nanzheng (now Nanzheng, Shaanxi). Xiang Yu himself is the overlord of the place of Chu, holding the supreme commander of the army. The king of Chu was honored as the righteous emperor.
After the enfeoffment, Xiang Yu asked everyone to work in their respective vassal States, and Liu Bang had to go to Nanzheng. Xiang Yu only gave Liu Bang30,000 troops. Later, someone followed him to Nanzheng, but the total strength was less than 100 thousand. Liu bang can't compete with Xiang Yu for the time being, so he can only wait for the opportunity. In order to dispel Xiang Yu's doubts about him and prevent other governors from attacking Hanzhong, Sean suggested that Liu Bang burn the plank road leading to Hanzhong.
Chu-Han War
At first, Liu Bang did not intend to compete with Xiang Yu for eastward advancement, but after arriving in Nanzheng, the change of the situation prompted him to make up his mind to eastward advancement and compete with Xiang Yu for the world. One reason is that soldiers are dissatisfied with the soil and water in Nanzheng, miss their hometown day and night, and their morale is low. Second, Tian Rong, who was sealed by Xiang Yu in Qi, suspected that Xiang Yu's enfeoffment was unfair and rebelled, which created an excellent opportunity for Liu Bang to invade. Just then, Liu Bang got the general Han Xin, and Xiao He told Liu Bang that if he wants to win the world, he must reuse Han Xin. After Han Xin was made a general, he proposed to send troops to the east immediately: "Our soldiers are all from Shandong (referring to the area east of Hanguguan). Now we can use their strong desire to go home to the east to boost morale. After going east, we will make great achievements. Before it's too late, we should join the army immediately. "
In 206 BC, that is, in May of the first year of Hanwang, Liu Bang appointed Xiao He as the prime minister, in charge of the Bashu area in the rear. He personally and Han Xin led the troops from Chencang (now Baoji East, Shaanxi Province) to smuggle, and quickly occupied the whole territory of Guanzhong. At this point, the famous Chu-Han War officially broke out.
The Chu-Han War was divided into two stages. In the first stage, Liu Bang was at a disadvantage and was defeated by Xiang Yu many times. Later, Liu Bang alienated Xiang Yu and Fan Ceng, gradually gained the upper hand, and finally completely defeated Xiang Yu.
After Liu Bangdong moved, he used the battle between Xiang Yu and Qi Zhao to win Henan, conquer Luoyang, and then move eastward to capture Pengcheng. Originally, Xiang Yu intended to pacify Qi Zhao before fighting Liu Bang. Now, seeing that Liu Bang occupied Cheng Peng, he led 30,000 elite soldiers to hurry back. Liu bang held a banquet to celebrate the victory, while attacking in the early morning and defeating the Han army in one day. When the Han army retreated, it was chased by Xiang Yu and wiped out hundreds of thousands of people. To the east of Lingbi (now northwest of Su County, Anhui Province), Lushui was overtaken by Xiang Yu, and hundreds of thousands of troops were lost. Lushui was blocked by the body. Only Liu Bang and dozens of cavalry struggled to escape, while his father and wife Lv Hou were captured alive by Xiang Yu. It turned out that other governors who followed Liu Bang saw Liu Bang's defeat and left him in succession.
After Liu Bang retreated to Xingyang, he got reinforcements sent by Xiao He from Guanzhong, and Han Xin also assembled scattered troops to meet them. The Han army rallied and defeated Xiang Yu's army in the south of Xingyang, and the two armies began to confront each other in Xingyang. Later, Liu Bang rebelled against Ying Bu, the general of Xiang Yu, split Xiang Yu and weakened Xiang Yu's power, because he wanted to divide his troops and suppress Xiang Yu. But Xiang Yu is not an ordinary person after all. He sent troops to invade the grain transportation channel of the Han army and finally besieged the Han army in Xingyang. Liu bang had no choice but to make peace with Xiang Yu and proposed Xingyang as the dividing line, and the west of Xingyang was Han. Xiang Yu wanted to promise Liu Bang, but Fan Ceng disagreed, saying that now is a good time to destroy the Han army. If you miss this opportunity, there will be endless trouble. Xiang Yu then began to attack Xingyang. Seeing that Fan Ceng was in the way, Liu Bang adopted Chen Ping's deviant plan: when Xiang Yu sent a special envoy to persuade Liu Bang to surrender, Liu Bang had a big banquet and served exquisite food. When he saw the envoy, he said in surprise: "We heard that it was the envoy of Yafu (referring to Fan Ceng), but I didn't expect it to be the envoy of Wang Xiang." Then I took down the exquisite food and exchanged it for the terrible food. As a result, the messenger was very angry and told Xiang Yu when he went back. Xiang Yu didn't know there was fraud, so he was easily fooled. From then on, he no longer listened to Fan Ceng's advice and suspected that he had betrayed himself and had an affair with Liu Bang.
When Fan Ceng learned the inside story, he flew into a rage. He said to Xiang Yu: "Now the situation in the world has been decided. Take care, king. I'd better go home and be a civilian! " Fan Ceng angrily left Xiang Yu, but failed to reach Cheng Peng, and died of sores on his back. Xiang Yu's headstrong and lack of wisdom is the main reason for his final failure.
After Fan Ceng left, Xiang Yu stepped up his attack on Xingyang, and Liu Bang also managed to break through from Xingyang. General Ji Xin volunteered to surrender to Xiang Yu for Liu Bang and let Liu Bang take the opportunity to escape. Ji Xin drove Liu Bang's car out of the East Gate, and Liu Bang broke the city from the West Gate. Ji Xin really attracted most of Xiang Yu's troops. As a result, Xiang Yu failed to catch Liu Bang and burned Ji Xin to death in a rage.
After Xiang Yu captured Xingyang, he occupied the elevation (now Sishui Town, Xingyang, Henan Province). Liu Bang later concentrated his forces to recover the elevation and then besieged Xingyang. Li Xiangyu rescued Liu Bang, who was at loggerheads in Guangwu Mountain in the northeast of Xingyang for several months. Xiang Yu was eager to fight with Liu Bang, because the protracted war was not good for him: Liu Bang's grain and grass supply was smooth, but his grain and grass supply was often attacked by Peng Yue. In order to end the fighting as soon as possible and force Liu Bang to surrender, Xiang Yu took Liu Bang's father who had been captured before the two armies. He said to Liu Bang, "If you don't surrender, I will cook your father!"
Knowing that Xiang Yu was threatening him, Liu Bang simply played hooligans: "You and I used to be' brothers', so my dad is your dad. If you must cook my father, be my guest. But don't forget to leave me a bowl of broth, too. " Xiang Yu was so angry that he ordered Liu Bang's father to be killed on the spot. Xiang Bo, who was nearby, urged, "General, it's hard to say who can win the world now. Moreover, people who fight for the world have no regard for the safety of their families. Killing their loved ones will not play any role, but will increase the hatred between the two sides. " Hearing this, Xiang Yu had to order someone to take Liu Bang's father back.
When Xiang Yu saw that one plan failed, he gave birth to another. He asked Liu Bang to fight him alone. Liu bang was not fooled and said, "I only fight with you, not dare you." Then he accused Xiang Yu of ten major crimes: "First, you broke your previous promise and called me the king of Shu and Han instead of making me the king of the world. Second, you killed the leader Yi Song and replaced him. Third, after you saved Zhao, you should have stopped fighting, but you marched into Guanzhong. Fourth, set fire to Epang Palace to enrich themselves. Fifth, you killed Zi Ying, the king of Qin. Sixth, you robbed Qin of 200,000 surrender soldiers. Seventh, it is unfair to the princes. Eighth, drive Yidi out of Pengcheng and occupy himself as the capital. Ninth, you assassinated Yidi. Tenth, not only ministers kill the Lord, but also political affairs are unfair. I am leading the generals to kill you, a cruel rebel. Why should I fight you alone? " Hearing this, Xiang Yu was so angry that he drew his bow and shot an arrow at Liu Bang, which hit Liu Bang in the chest.
The Chu-Han War lasted for more than ten months. With the support of Zhonghe and Shu, Liu Bang gradually gained the upper hand, while Xiang Yu lacked troops and food, so it was difficult to compete with the Han army. Under the mediation of the Duke, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang reached an armistice agreement: Chu and Han took the cracks (now Xingyang, Zhongmou and Kaifeng in Henan) as the dividing line, and the east and the west were divided. After the agreement was reached, Xiang Yu returned Liu Bang's father and daughter.
decisive battle
Xiang Yu led the troops back to the east, and Liu Bang also planned to lead the troops back to Guanzhong. Sean and Chen Ping tried to persuade Liu Bang to take the opportunity to destroy Xiang Yu, because Xiang Yu's soldiers lacked refined food at this time. If he returns to Pengcheng, it will be like returning to the mountain. Liu bang listened to the order to chase. At the same time, Han Xin and Peng Yue were sent to assemble and attack Xiang Yu.
In 202 BC 10, Liu Bang caught up with Xiang Yu, but by the time Guling (now Taikang West, Henan Province), the troops of Han Xin and Peng Yue had not arrived. Xiang Yu made a fierce counterattack against the Han army and defeated it. Liu bang had to insist and ask Zhang Liangyou, the counselor, what good plans he had. It is said that if the land of Korea can be sealed and the land of Peng Yueliang can be sealed, then the two will rush to the army. Liu Bang immediately made a vow to Han Xin and Peng Yue, and immediately named them King of Qi and King of Liang after defeating Xiang Yu. Han Xin and Peng Yue got a reply soon: March immediately. At the same time, Zhou Yin, the great Sima of Chu, was also sent by Liu Bang to surrender, and Ying Bu, the king of Huainan, led the troops to join forces. The Han army joined forces with 300,000 reinforcements against Xiang Yu. At night, the desolate Chu songs came from the besieged Han army, which made Xiang Yu think that the Han army had occupied all the land of Chu. In desperation, Xiang Yu drank wine with his beloved concubine in the big tent and sang generously with the help of the wine: "If you pull out the mountain, you will be angry with the world, and if you are unfavorable, you will not die." What can I do without dying? "Singing," Han Bing has made a little progress, and Chu Song has been played four times. Your majesty is exhausted and can't live with his concubine. "
Yu Ji committed suicide with tears in front of Xiang Yu, who dried his tears and broke through at night with 800 cavalry. The next morning, the Han army found that Xiang Yu had broken through, and Liu Bang ordered Guan Ying to lead the cavalry in hot pursuit. After crossing the Huaihe River, Xiang Yu was left with only 100 people. In Yanling (now northwest of Dingyuan, Anhui), he got lost and walked into osawa. After coming out of osawa, Xiang Yu retreated eastward, and was caught up by baby cavalry in Dongcheng (now southeast of Dingyuan, Anhui). Xiang Yu's entourage consisted of only 28 people, who fought fiercely with the Han army three times and wiped out hundreds of them. Xiang Yu finally cut himself with a horizontal knife. At this point, the Chu-Han War ended in Xiang Yu's failure. Although Xiang Yu failed, he left a wealth of literary materials for later generations. The drama Farewell My Concubine has filled people with sympathy and reverence for this failed hero.
Third, a centralized unified empire.
Claiming to be the emperor and establishing the Han Dynasty
In the first month of 202 BC, Liu Bang fulfilled his promise and named Han Xin King of Chu and Peng Yue King of Yue. Sealed Han Xin and Peng Yue jointly wrote to Liu Bang, Yuan Zangcha, Zhang Ao and King Changsha, asking him to become emperor. Liu bang began to pretend to refuse. Han Xin and others said, "Although your majesty was born in poverty, he can lead the people to wipe out the violent Qin Dynasty, punish evil and promote good, and stabilize the world. He has contributed more than all kings, and you are expected to be declared emperor. " Liu Bang said: "Since you all think that it is beneficial to the people of the world, then do as you say."
On the third day of February this year, Liu Bang held a ceremony in Sishuiyang, Dingtao, Shandong Province, and named this country Han. At the same time, he named his wife Lu as the queen and his son Liu Ying as the prince.
Move the capital to Chang 'an
At the beginning, Liu Bang made Luoyang his capital.
In May of the same year, Liu Bang held a celebration banquet in Nangong, Luoyang. At the banquet, he and others summed up the experience and lessons of the Chu-Han war. Gao Qi and Tomb said that Liu Bang was able to defeat Xiang Yu because Liu Bang could share joys and sorrows with everyone, while Xiang Yu was selfish. Liu bang said that what they said was reasonable, but they didn't get to the point. He summed up the reasons for his victory: "On strategizing, winning thousands of miles away, I am not as good as Sean; On the supply of food and grass to comfort the people, I am not as good as Xiao He; I'm not as good as Han Xin, who led a million troops and won a decisive battle on the battlefield. However, I can make good use of people and give full play to their talents, which is the real reason for our victory. As for Xiang Yu, he only had Fan Ceng available, but he was suspicious of him, which was the reason for his final failure. "Liu bang's summary is indeed right. The human factor is always the most important factor that determines the outcome of a war.
Later, Liu Bang moved the capital to Chang 'an because of the reminder of a foot soldier named Lou Jing. He came from Shandong to see Liu Bang, saying that Liu Bang's world was different from the previous Zhou Dynasty. Instead of taking Luoyang as the capital like the Zhou Dynasty, he should set the capital in Guanzhong, so as to stick to the dangerous place of Qin and ensure the long-term stability of the country.
Liu bang discussed his views with ministers, but many people opposed him and thought Luoyang was better. Finally, Sean agreed to Lou Jing's suggestion. He said that Guanzhong is a "golden city with thousands of miles, a land of abundance", which can be retreated and defended, and can be attacked and defended. Liu bang agreed, so he quickly moved the capital to Chang 'an.
Inherit the system of Qin dynasty
There is a general term in history called "Han inherited the Qin system", that is, the rules and regulations of the Han Dynasty were basically inherited from the Qin Dynasty. However, it should be noted that great changes have taken place in the policy of governing the country in the Han Dynasty, mainly changing the original cruel criminal law and strict thought of governing the country in the Qin Dynasty, and taking a pure and inaction Huang Lao thought as the guiding ideology of governing the country, which is reflected in the economic aspect of reducing the tax burden of the people.
The political system of the Han Dynasty is basically a continuation of the Qin Dynasty, with three officials and nine ministers in the center and a county system in the local area. (For details, see Qin Shihuang. However, the local institutions at the township level in the Han Dynasty were slightly different from those in the Qin Dynasty, that is, among the three elders in each township, one was elected as the three elders in the county, responsible for contacting county-level officials and communicating the relationship between superiors and subordinates.
In addition to the county system, the Han Dynasty also implemented the feudal system, that is, enfeoffment of princes and kings, and the establishment of vassal States and kingdoms in the local area. At first, different princes were enfeoffed, such as Han Xin and others, mainly to unite people to win the war. Later, only Wu Rui, the king of Changsha, was left, and all the other kings were basically killed. After eliminating the king with different surnames, Liu Bang created nine kings with the same surnames, all of whom were sons, nephews and brothers of Liu Bang. He thought they would consolidate their Liu regime, but it turned out that they didn't play a good role and there was a rebellion.
At the same time of enfeoffment of Wang with the same surname, Liu Bang also formulated rules to bind them: the political status of the vassal king is the same as that of the county, and the assistant and the teacher must be appointed by the central government, and they must not be attached to the vassal king to fight against the central government, otherwise they will be punished on the charge of "joining the party and benefiting" (that is, if the vassal is guilty, he will not report it, but will be attached to the vassal to form a best friend). At the same time, there is Hou Guo, whose status is the same as that of counties, mainly dedicated to the heroes of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The coexistence of vassal States and counties later led to the confusion of local politics and legal system, because the kingdom and vassal States had their own independent judicial power.
Legal inheritance is mainly to maintain autocratic monarchy and centralization, and other cool laws aimed at people's daily life have basically been abolished. The laws of the Han dynasty are mainly nine chapters, based on the six laws (theft law, thief law, net law, arrest law, miscellaneous law and equipment law) formulated in the Warring States period, supplemented by the household law (household registration management, marriage system, tax collection), the punishment law (mainly stipulating the corvee's levy and dispatch, city defense) and the stability law (.
Measures to consolidate imperial power
Although Liu Bang became emperor, he did not dare to treat his throne lightly. When he gave a banquet in honor of Ying Bu and other ministers, he boasted to his father present: "You used to call me a rogue who didn't do anything, and no second brother could manage the family. Now that I am an emperor, do you think my second brother has more wealth or mine? " But while enjoying it, he also took measures to consolidate the imperial power.
The first thing that disturbed him was the King of Woo. They all have soldiers, and some are half-hearted. The second problem is that other generals are vying for credit and reward. If they are not appeased properly, they will go to those kings with different surnames to make trouble. And the descendants of the original six countries should not be taken lightly. In the central government, the power of the prime minister also poses a threat to him as an emperor. Liu Bang spent eight years from becoming emperor to his final death, which was basically used to solve these problems that made him uneasy.
He took care of Han Xin first. In 20 1 year BC, that is, in the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu, someone reported Han Xin's rebellion. Liu bang asked what to do, and everyone said that he sent his troops to crusade. But Chen Ping objected. He said that Chu has plenty of food and grass, and Han Xin is good at fighting, so it is difficult to win his troops. He suggested that Liu Bang use the dream trip as an excuse to let all the princes go to Chen County (now Huaiyang, Henan Province), and then Han Xin would definitely come and arrest him. Liu Bang acted as planned, and Han Xin was arrested. When Han Xin heard the accusation against him, he shouted loudly: "The ancients said it really well:' A sly rabbit dies and a running dog cooks; High birds are exhausted, good bows are hidden; Destroy the enemy and the counselor will die. "Now that the world is settled, people like me should have been cooked and killed long ago." Liu Bang took Han Xin to Luoyang. Without conclusive evidence, he was released, but he was reduced to Huaiyin Hou. This made Han Xin bear a grudge.
In the second year, Han Xin conspired to let Chen Yi rebel in other places, and let Liu Bang personally counter the rebellion, and then attacked the Prince and Lv Hou himself in the capital. But it still came out. Lv Hou adopted Xiao He's idea, lured Han Xin into the palace to arrest him, and finally beheaded him in Changle Palace, leaving an idiom "Success is Xiao He, failure is me".
In addition to Han Xin, other governors such as Peng Yue and others were also eliminated, leaving only Wu Rui, the king of Changsha.
For other generals, Liu Bang also took great pains. At first, Liu Bang enfeoffed more than twenty officials, including Xiao He. However, because the generals don't trust each other, they won't stop striving for success. On one occasion, in the Nangong of Luoyang, Liu Bang saw people sitting on the sand. He didn't know what they were talking about, so he asked Sean around him what was going on. Sean said they were plotting. Liu Bang asked why, and Sean said he was afraid that he would not appoint their senior officials in the future. Liu asked what to do. Sean asked him who he hated most. Liu said it was Yong Chi because he was too proud to kill him. Hearing this, Sean asked him to be a Yong Chi Hou. In this way, everyone thinks that Yong Chi, who is hated by Liu Bang, can be blocked, so there is no need to worry. So, Liu Bang held a grand celebration banquet, named He Fanghou, and ordered the Prime Minister and the Imperial censor to draw up a certificate of commendation and a list of women heroes on the spot. Sean's plan really worked, and people were at peace.
For the descendants of the six countries, Liu Bang moved them and hundreds of thousands of local noble families to live in Guanzhong and put them under the central control, thus eliminating worries.
Regarding the excessive power of the prime minister, Liu Bang attacked and weakened the prime minister by putting Xiao He in prison. After Liu Bang put down the rebellion in Ying Bu and returned to Chang 'an, Xiao He proposed to open Shanglin Garden for the people to cultivate, because Shanglin Garden was basically deserted and was not the place where the emperor kept animals for hunting. Liu Bang was annoyed when he heard it, insisting that Xiao He accepted bribes from businessmen, so he spoke for them and made profits for businessmen in in the name of people. Liu Bang put Xiao He in prison. A few days later, a minister asked the Prime Minister what crime he had committed, but Liu Bang defended himself: "In the past, Reese was the Prime Minister of Qin, and all the credit went to the first emperor, and all the bad things were borne by himself. But now Prime Minister Xiao He has accepted bribes from businessmen and begged me to open a forest garden for them, so as to buy people's hearts. Therefore, he should be treated for his sins. " By attacking veteran Xiao He, Liu Bang weakened the relative strength and improved the power of the emperor.
In consolidating and strengthening the imperial power, Liu Bang also tried his best to respect his father Taigong as the emperor's father, and to deal with Lu Bu and Ding Gong. These two things finally achieved his goal.
After a long period of chaos in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, as well as the short-lived rule of the Qin Dynasty, coupled with the war at the end of the Qin Dynasty, people did not have the concept of loyalty to the monarch, and still maintained the idea of "impermanence of scholars and no ministers in the country" formed since the Warring States Period, which was not conducive to the consolidation of imperial power. Liu bang respected his father, the minister of education and the people to observe etiquette, respect his elders and be loyal to the monarch.
Liu Bang lives with his father Taigong. In order to show his filial piety to everyone, he visits every five days. Taigong thinks nothing, and he is used to it. However, Taigong's subordinates felt that it was inappropriate, so they advised him to say, "As the saying goes, heaven has no two masters, and earth has no two masters. Today, the emperor is your son, but he is also the master. Although you are his father, you are also his minister. It is impolite for his master to see your minister. Besides, this will not show the majesty of the emperor. "
Wait for Liu Bang to meet again.