First, the calendar year:
1. The legendary Christian founder Jesus was born in the first year of AD. Before that, it was called ×× BC (such as 509 BC), and these three words cannot be omitted; After that, it is called ×× year (such as 19 12 or 19 12), and the word AD can be omitted. The greater the number indicating the age in BC, the earlier the time; The smaller the number indicating age in BC, the later the time (for example, 509 BC is the late 6th century BC; In 589 BC, at the beginning of the 6th century BC)
2. The earliest adoption of the AD calendar in China was after the establishment of 19 12+0 People's Republic of China (PRC).
3. A century is 100, and an era is 10. The first 20 years of a century is the beginning of this century, and the last 10 year is the end. 1949 was in the 1940s.
Second, calculate the age:
1, not spanning the first year, is the difference between the two. For example, Sima Qian (BC 190- 145) should be 190- 145=45.
2, across the first year is equal to the sum of the two minus 1, such as Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu (6-57 BC), his age should be 6+57- 1=62.
Third, the historical stage:
1. The history of China is divided into ancient history of China, modern history of China and modern history of China.
(1) the time range of ancient history (before the Opium War 1840)
② The time range of China's modern history (Opium War 65438 +0840-65438 +0949 +65438+10 month +0 year).
③ the time range of China's modern history (1949 65438+ 10/-present).
2. Changes of historical and social forms in China: primitive society (ancient times-2070 BC), slave society (Xia Dynasty in 2070 BC-the end of the spring and autumn period in 476 BC) and feudal society (Warring States Period in 475 BC-the Opium War in 0/840 BC).
Unit 1 The Origin of China Civilization
Ancient humans in China
1, China has found the largest number of ancient human remains in the world. Mainly distributed in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin.
2. Yuanmou man was about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago and was the earliest known human being in China. Found in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province, located in the Yangtze River basin.
3. Beijingers lived in Gulong, Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 700,000-200,000 years ago. Beijingers still have some physical characteristics of apes, but they can walk upright. Labor has played an important role in the transformation of human beings from apes to humans. The use of hammered stone tools was in the Paleolithic Age (whether tools can be made is the fundamental difference between people and animals). Use natural fire. Living in groups-this is the most primitive form of social organization of human beings.
Neanderthals lived in caves on the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 65,438+8,000 years ago. The appearance is basically the same as that of modern people. The tools used are still stone tools, but grinding drilling technology has appeared and decorations will be used. You can make a fire by hand. Living the collective life of the clan commune.
5. What progress have cavemen made compared with Beijingers? (1) Tools, Beijingers are making stone tools. Although cavemen are also making stone tools, they already have the technology of polishing and drilling holes, and they can also use decorations. ② Appearance: Beijingers still retain some physical characteristics of ape-men, and the appearance of cavemen is basically the same as that of modern people. ③ Social life: Beijingers live in groups, while cavemen live in clan communes. (4) Use of fire: Beijingers use natural fire, and cavemen will make artificial fires.
Lesson 2 scattered tribal settlements
1, the early human settlements are called settlements. A relatively fixed social group composed of blood relationship is called clan. The most representative ones are Banpo settlement in the Yellow River basin and Hemudu settlement in the Yangtze River basin.
2. Banpo settlement is located in banpo village, Xi City, Shaanxi Province, and belongs to the Yellow River Basin. More than 6000 years ago, the house was semi-basement. Grinding stone tools were widely used in the Neolithic Age. Painted pottery (fish face basin and four deer painted basin) has been in use. Planting Millet-China is one of the earliest countries to grow millet in the world.
3. Hemudu settlement, located in Hemudu village, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, belongs to the Yangtze River basin. About 7000 years ago, houses were dry-walled. Grinding stone tools with bones is widely used. In the Neolithic Age. Planting Rice-China is one of the earliest countries to grow rice in the world.
The original inhabitants of Dawenkou were about four or five thousand years ago. With the development of production, private property and polarization between the rich and the poor have emerged.
5. Banpo site and Hemudu site reflect farming culture. (era of agricultural production)
Lesson 3 the dawn of civilization in the legendary era
1. According to legend, Yan Di and Huangdi are the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River Basin, and Yan Di and Huangdi are honored as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation. Xuanyuan refers to the Yellow Emperor.
2. According to legend, Emperor Yan was the founder of primitive agriculture and medicine in China and was called Shennong. Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor defeated the Chiyou tribe in the south together. Later, Emperor Yan and Huangdi fought for the Central Plains in the "Wild of Hanquan". The two sides together constitute the main body of the Chinese nation. China people are called "descendants of the dragon"-the dragon is a synthesis of many animals, which shows that the Chinese nation is a fusion of different tribes.
3. Yao, Shun and Yu successively became the leaders of tribal alliances in the Yellow River Basin, and they passed the throne by abdicating (by electing tribal leaders). According to legend, Yu is a legendary hero of water control. Harness floods by dredging. Known as Dayu.
The legend may not be true, but the historical facts must be true. And Huangdi, Yao, Shun and Yu are all legendary figures.
Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social changes
Lesson 5 Changes of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
1, about 2 1 century BC, our ancient society entered the era of civilization. The establishment of Xia Dynasty is a landmark event that the primitive society in China ended and the slave society began.
2. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, the first slave country in China's history, which marked the entry of China's history into a slave society. Yangcheng, the capital of Xia Dynasty. The Xia Dynasty built castles and palaces, established an army, formulated criminal laws, set up prisons and established state power institutions. After his death, his son inherited his father's throne and began the situation of "one family under the world". Hereditary system of the throne has replaced abdication system since then. The last Wang Jie of Xia Dynasty was a tyrant.
3. In BC 1600, the Shang Dynasty was established in Tang Dynasty, with its capital in Bo. BC 1300, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin, so Shang Dynasty was also called Yin. At the end of Shang Dynasty, the tyrant Shang Zhouwang created the punishment of branding.
4. In BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang defeated Shang Zhouwang in the battle of Makino, and established the Zhou Dynasty, with Haojiang as its capital (now Xi, Shaanxi), which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history. In 77 1 year BC, the dog Rong attacked Haojiang and killed it. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi, known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
5. Economy of Western Zhou Dynasty-The whole country was owned by Zhou Wang, and the variety of crops increased, which led to artificial irrigation. The handicraft industry has a fine division of labor, the production of primitive porcelain is more common, and tiles are used for building.
Lesson 6 Society and State in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
1, the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffment system-mainly based on blood relationship (Zhou, princes, Qing doctors, scholars-civilians, slaves)
A) Reason: In order to consolidate the rule over the surrounding areas, Zhou Wang enfeoffed vassals on a large scale, established ruling strongholds in important areas, and formed a control network all over the country.
B) Main contents: A, Zhou Wang granted the land and subjects of a certain place to the vassal, which is called "granting land to the people", and the vassal managed local affairs. The vassal state is Zhou's stronghold in various places and plays the role of guarding the royal family. B, enfeoffment system stipulates the obligations of the sealed, that is, must obey the orders of the king of Zhou, governance vassal state, defend the king of Zhou. Therefore, they must go to Zhou's pilgrimage, tribute and service regularly. The vassal States are closely related and jointly resist barbarians, foreigners, Rong and Di.
C) Function: A. Through the gradual enfeoffment, a control network spread from the central government to the surrounding areas was woven, which broke the state of many countries in Xia and Shang Dynasties and strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and various vassal countries. B, the influence of the Western Zhou Dynasty has been expanding, which has strengthened the relationship with the surrounding ethnic minorities and promoted the economic and cultural development in remote areas.
2. Feudal relatives, the same model-refers to the enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Relatives" refer to children with the same surname; "Francisco" refers to the vassal state; The main criterion for distinguishing social classes in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was kinship.
3. The nobles in the Western Zhou Dynasty included governors, ministers and scholars, who also served as officials at all levels. Civilians generally own production tools and household sideline, and are the main workers in agricultural and handicraft production departments. Slaves come from prisoners of war and criminals. They have no personal freedom and property, and their fate is tragic. They are often killed and martyred.
Lesson 7 Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period and Seven Chivalrous Men in the Warring States Period
1, Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC); Warring States period (475 BC-2265438 BC +0 years)
2. Reasons for the hegemony of princes in the Spring and Autumn Period: ① The Zhou Emperor of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty lost his previous power. (Rites and music were conquered by vassals) (2) Several big vassal states all wanted to have the right to dominate other vassal states.
3. Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong, Chu Zhuangwang or Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, Wu Wanghe Lu, and Yue Wanggou Jian; The first one was Qi Huangong, who appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister and put forward the strategy of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries". In 65 BC1year, Kwai Chung Union-Function: formally recognized Qi Huangong's hegemonic position in the Central Plains.
4. Why did Qi Huangong occupy the leading position in the first place? (1) Appointed Guan Zhong as Prime Minister, carried out reforms, and made the country rich and the army strong; (2) Qi is a big country in the East, which benefits from fish and salt; (3) Conforming to the politics at that time, put forward the strategy of "respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries".
5. Chu Jin strives for hegemony-① the battle of Chengpu (winning more with less): Jin defeated Chu and achieved his hegemony; ② Battle of Taiji: Chu defeated Jin and gained hegemony. Win the central plains-it is likely to replace Zhou's position.
6. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan, Qi and Qin. All countries are integrating, Lian Heng. -Famous military strategist: Zhang Yi of Qin (sabotaging the unification of Qi and Chu) and Gongsun Yan of Wei.
7. Idiom allusions in the Spring and Autumn Period: avoid three; Outward and near attack; Go to Qin and Qin; Vertical and horizontal; Idiom allusions in the Warring States period: encircling Wei to save Zhao; See figure poor dagger; Return to Zhao intact; Sun Pang fights wits and wits.
Lesson 8 Social Change Caused by Iron Niu Geng
1, the Western Zhou Dynasty refers to the large-scale collective agricultural production in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
2. During the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware began to be widely used in agricultural production; During the Warring States period, people began to use plows pulled by two cows for farming, and iron plowheads appeared. The use of ironware and Niu Geng greatly promoted the development of social productive forces, changed the mode of production from collective to individual, promoted social changes at that time, and emerged a new landlord class. In order to gain dominance, the landlord class began to carry out political reforms, transforming the country from a slave society into a feudal society, and establishing a feudal system in various countries. "public tillage is late, and separate tillage is fast"-refers to the low efficiency of collective farming and the high efficiency of individual production. Wei is a pioneer of reform. During the Warring States Period, the most fundamental reason to promote the monarchical political reform in various countries was the use of iron and Niu Geng, which promoted the great development of social productive forces. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of great social changes in the history of our country, and social changes are mainly reflected in the replacement of old and new social systems.
3. Shang Yang's political reform was a thorough reform of the landlord class.
A) Historical background: A, the realistic pressure of warlords for hegemony during the Warring States Period, Qin made Qiang Bing rich. B. If the emerging landlord class wants to establish its own feudal rule and develop the feudal economy, it must abolish the privileges of the slave owners and nobles through political reform.
B) Main contents: a, establish household registration and strengthen punishment; B, reward production; C, reward the military; D, admit that the land is private; E, implement the county system; F, unified measurement. Measures to promote economic development: B, D, F. Measures to promote military development: C. Measures to strengthen centralization: A, E. Measures to disintegrate slave economy and develop feudal economy: D.)
C) Historical role: A. After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, and its national strength greatly increased, which laid a solid foundation for the subsequent annexation of the six countries. B, after the reform, the emerging landlord class of Qin finally established feudal rule.
D) Nature: Shang Yang's political reform was a feudal political reform, from which Qin entered the feudal society. (After the reform, the ruling class was the landlord class; Social system: feudal society; The political system is the county system; Land ownership is private ownership. )
E) Why did Shang Yang's political reform succeed?
A: Shang Yang's political reform was supported by the monarch and welcomed by the people. Coupled with Shang Yang's own determination, the most important thing is that the reform measures were in line with the historical development trend at that time, so it was a great success.
F) Shang Yang was finally executed, but the reform was not abolished. Enlightenment to us?
A: ① The reform has not been smooth sailing; ② Only by conforming to the historical trend and having the spirit of innovation and dedication can we realize our own value; As a middle school student, we should not be afraid of difficulties and setbacks, go forward bravely, realize our lofty aspirations and contribute our strength to the country.
Lesson 9 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronzes
1. A hieroglyph carved on tortoise shells and animal bones in Shang Dynasty is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. China's literary history began in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature script, which has something to do with today's Chinese characters. Inscriptions were mainly used in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and they were written on bronzes.
2. The bronze casting industry in Shang Dynasty was highly developed and the bronze craft was exquisite. Bronzes are alloys of copper, tin and lead.
The Si Mu Wu Ding unearthed in Yin Ruins is the largest bronze ware found in the world.
4. Siyang Fangzun is a fine bronze ware of Shang Dynasty; Bronze portrait is a wonderful flower of Shu culture in Shang Dynasty.
List the reforms in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period:
1, the reform that laid the foundation for Qi Huangong to become the first tyrant in the Spring and Autumn Period-Guanzhong reform.
2. The Li Kui Reform, which made Wei the most powerful country in the early years of the Warring States Period.
3. The reform that laid a solid foundation for Qin's annexation of six countries-Shang Yang's political reform.
Mid-term exam questions
First, multiple-choice questions:
The system of "county" as an administrative division unit has a long history, which began in (c)
A, western Zhou dynasty c, warring States period
B, Spring and Autumn D, Tang Dynasty
Second, list the combination of questions:
1. The recorded history in China is (Shang Dynasty).
2. At the time of Shang Yang's political reform, the monarch of Qin was (Qin Xiaogong).
Third, judge and correct the wrong questions.
1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the character of Xia Dynasty (×).
Correction: Xia Dynasty was changed to Shang Dynasty.
Fourth, material analysis questions
Material 1: "feudal relatives, with the model"
Material 2: Sun Yang said, "Previous lives taught differently. How did previous lives learn from the scriptures?" ........ "If we manage the world in different ways, we will change our country instead of becoming ancient."
Please answer:
1. What system does material 1 refer to?
A: The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
2. What reform does Material 2 refer to? When did it happen? What is the main content?
A: Shang Yang's political reform; In 356 BC; The main contents are: a, compiling household registration and strengthening punishment; B, reward production; C, reward the military; D, admit that the land is private; E, implement the county system; F, unified measurement
Verb (abbreviation for verb) activity and query:
Institutional innovation and reform are important driving forces for social development. Please answer the following questions according to what you have learned:
1. What systems and measures were adopted to consolidate the rule after the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty?
A: ① Implement the enfeoffment system to consolidate the rule over the surrounding areas; (2) Weaving social networks by using patriarchal kinship; (3) stabilize social order through etiquette education.
2. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a period of great social change. Please list the manifestations of social change from the following aspects:
(1) Improvement of production tools and technology: the emergence of iron and Niu Geng technology.
② Changes in social system: changes from slave society to feudal society.
3. Facing the opportunities and challenges of today's social development, what kind of attitude should we middle school students hold and what are the inspirations?
Answer: ① Study hard scientific and cultural knowledge and improve comprehensive quality; ② Keep pace with the times and cultivate innovative spirit and practical ability (as long as it makes sense).