(1) Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in China.
After Yu died, his son succeeded to the throne, and the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of China's early state.
(3) About 1600 BC, Cheng Tang, the leader of Shang Dynasty, launched a war to overthrow Xia Dynasty. War and singing. Tang Cheng established the Shang Dynasty.
(4) About 1300 BC, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved his capital to Yin (now northwest of Anyang, Henan). Since then, the capital of Shang Dynasty has been stable.
⑤ The sphere of influence of Shang Dynasty: east to the sea, west to the upper reaches of Weihe River, south to the Yangtze River basin and north to Liaohe area.
Compared with the Xia Dynasty, the economy of Shang Dynasty has developed greatly: а agricultural production scale is quite large, and the crops planted are millet, millet, rice and wheat. в Animal husbandry is developed, and six animals are raised, and hundreds or even thousands of animals are used for sacrifice. Handicrafts such as bronze smelting and casting, jade making and wine making are very developed. D commerce has developed to a certain extent, and seashells, bone shells, jade shells and copper shells are used for trading.
The rise and fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1: About 1046 BC, Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, led an army to destroy the merchants and fought against Konoha. Zhou Wuwang established the Zhou Dynasty, and its capital, Haojing (now Xi, Shaanxi), was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.
2. The enfeoffment system: In order to control the vast areas of the country, Zhou Wang asked his children, relatives and descendants of some ancient emperors to establish enfeoffment systems in various places. This is the enfeoffment system. The ruler of a feudal country is called a monarch (generally called a vassal). Enjoy the right to rule and manage the country's land and people. At the same time, we must undertake the obligation to worship Zhou Wang as the common son of heaven, regularly appear in front of Zhou Wang, attend important ceremonies presided over by Zhou Wang, contribute treasures and specialties, and obey Zhou Wang's dispatch to go out, otherwise we will be punished.
3. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, 7 countries including Lu, Qi, Yan, Jin and Song were established. There are 53 feudal countries all surnamed Ji.
4. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and contradictions within the ruling group were sharp. In 77 1 year BC, the Kanrong people invaded Haojing, and Zhou Youwang was killed, which ended the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Spring and autumn hegemony
1: In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital from Haojiang to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan). Entering the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC)
2. The reason for the hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: an imperial power declined, and Zhou Wang's rule fell into a serious crisis. B Some vassal states became powerful and launched a long-term war for hegemony in order to compete for more land, property and population, and to dominate the world and other countries.
3. Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, He Lv, King of Wu, and Gou Jian, King of Yue, successively proclaimed themselves emperors, known in history as "the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period".
4. Qi Huangong's first hegemonic conditions: ①. Appoint politicians and officials as prime ministers, develop production, reform internal affairs, reorganize the army, and make the national strength strong. ②: Play the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries". It is a big country in the East.
5. Qi Huangong became the first overlord in the history of the Spring and Autumn Period.
6. After Qi Huangong, Chu Jin fought for hegemony. Chu Jin's army fought a decisive battle in Chengpu, 8 jin j won, and Jin Wengong gained the upper hand. Later, the State of Chu became powerful, and Chu Zhuangwang entered the Central Plains from the north, defeating the Jin Army in Bismuth. Chu Zhuangwang is dominant.
7. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the southern states of Wu and Yue also joined the hegemony. He Lv, the king of Wu, appointed Sun Wu, a famous strategist, as general. Attack Chu, five wars and five wins, and He Lv, the prince of Wu, is the hero. After long-term efforts. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, became the last overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
8. The popularity of ironware and Niu Geng is a sign of the remarkable improvement of productivity in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Seven Heroes of Warring States Period
1: After the Spring and Autumn Period, history entered the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year). At this time, the vassal States mainly included Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin, which were called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" in history.
2. Wars in the Warring States Period: ①. The war between seven countries continues. (2) weapons have been improved, and infantry and cavalry have replaced chariots as the main arms. ③ Countries organized armies to build fortifications in capitals and borders. (4) The war was fierce and large-scale. There were famous battles such as "Encircling Wei to save Zhao" and the battle of Changping. During the Warring States Period, famous military strategists such as Sun Bin and Bai Qi appeared.
3. Union and Lian Heng. A: In the middle and late Warring States period, Qin became increasingly powerful, posing a threat to the six eastern countries. B: (Summary:) The six countries have the will to "jointly attack one strong country", so cooperation includes sending troops to attack Qin. Historically, this strategy has been called "combination". C (Lian Heng's reason): The further development of Qin to the east will inevitably destroy the six-nation alliance, especially the alliance between the two great powers of Qi and Chu. D (content of Lian Heng); Qin adopted the method of divide and rule, buying and wooing the eastern countries to submit to itself. The history of "attacking the weak with one thing" is called "Lian Heng".
4. The dispute between Zonghe and Lian Heng is an important part of the battle of Warring States.
The Reforms of Shang Yang
Background: Qin is relatively backward, and the six eastern countries look down on Qin; I am deeply ashamed that the land was occupied by Wei and could not be recovered. He is determined to reform the internal affairs, issue decrees and recruit talents. Time: 356 BC. With the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang began to reform.
Content: 1, Reform the land system. State ownership of land abolished slavery, and the state recognized private ownership of land. 2. Emphasize agriculture and restrain business. 3. Reward soldiers. 4. Move the capital to Xianyang and implement the county system. 5. Strict laws and regulations.
Nature: It was an important political and social reform during the Warring States Period.
Influence: 1, the old system was abolished and the new system was established, and the state of Qin has undergone fundamental changes. Qin Jun's fighting capacity has been greatly improved. 3. Qin has developed social economy.
The unification of Qin dynasty
One: The King of Qin swept Liuhe: At the end of the Warring States period, the strength of Qin far surpassed that of the six eastern countries, and the time was ripe for reunification. Ying Zheng, king of Qin, made active preparations. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin destroyed Han, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively.
Two: In 22 1 year BC, Qin unified the world and established the Qin Dynasty, which was the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China.
Third, the establishment of the emperor system. In order to show his majesty, the king of Qin combined the most distinguished titles "Huang" and "Emperor" and called himself "the first emperor"
L 4。 Measures to consolidate national unity in the Qin Dynasty: 1. The establishment of the emperor system. The emperor is in the supreme position and has absolute power, and major state affairs are decided by him. Ministers and officials must absolutely obey the emperor's orders. 2. The central government has a Prime Minister, a Qiu, and a Doctor too much to manage administration, military affairs, and supervision respectively. At the local level, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was fully implemented. Unified measurement, unified currency, the provisions of the square hole "half two" copper coins as the common currency, unified text, with Xiao Zhuan as the national common font. 4 attack the Huns in the north, build the Great Wall and defend the Huns.
Chen Guang Uprising
First, the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty: 1: burning books and burying Confucianism, 2: heavy taxes and corvee military service. 3. Extremely severe punishment.
Two: In 209 BC, Guangwu Shengzai Chen osawa Township (now Suxian County, Anhui Province) revolted, which was the first peasant uprising in the history of China. Soon, Chen Sheng became king and established the Zhang Chu regime.
Third: After the sacrifices of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu became powerful. In 207 BC, Xiang Yu led an army to annihilate Qin Jun's main force in the Battle of Julu.
Four: In 207 BC, Liu Bang approached Xianyang, Zi Ying surrendered, and the Qin Dynasty perished.
Five; "Burning books to bury Confucianism" is the concentrated expression of Qin Shihuang's autocratic rule in the field of culture and thought. "Burning books" is Reese's suggestion.