Studying China's ancient management thought aims to reveal the concrete process and development law of China's social management practice, theory, genre and method; Clarify the historical evolution of various management theories and schools; This paper discusses the mutual infiltration and influence of various management schools and ideas in the development of ancient China. Excavate and discuss the management theory and ideological status and characteristics in different historical periods, and at the same time compare it with the history of western management thought, and reflect on the knowledge and experience of ancient management history in China. These are of great significance for improving people's management decision-making level today.
Practice has proved that whether a manager's decision is correct or not depends largely on his own basic beliefs, concepts and value preferences. In the historical knowledge and experience of China management, basic beliefs, concepts and value preferences are often closely linked with people's academic literacy and skills. Therefore, in the face of this era, management thought will show unprecedented profound influence on human social life. It is true that any management thought is not detached, but is maintained by certain historical traditions.
It should be noted that today, China's ancient management thought, as a specific spiritual carrier of oriental culture, has been paid more and more attention by western management scholars. Due to the indifference of western interpersonal relationship and the collision with the rigid plate of modern high technology, there has been a profound crisis in western management. Western management scholars tried to learn and introduce China's ancient management thoughts.
It is intended to be a soft medium to integrate the division and opposition between people and things in the western management world.
In view of this, we should vigorously explore China's ancient management thought, a valuable scientific field, carry forward the Chinese management culture that has been flowing for 5,000 years, strengthen the exchange of management academic research between China and foreign countries, and improve the position of Chinese national management thought in the world academic forest.
Influenced by China's living environment, patriarchal clan system and Confucianism and Taoism culture, the duality of China's ancient management thought also embodies the characteristics of "combining rigidity with softness" in the way of thinking. This is mainly manifested in the management relationship between planning and action, righteousness and benefit, reward and punishment, morality and punishment, up and down, and central and local governments.
1, the decision-making idea of planning first and then moving.
2. Balance between justice and benefit.
3. Incentive ideas with clear rewards and punishments.
4. The idea of combining leniency with severity.
5, read together.
6, adhere to the unified thought of group effect.
7. Impartial moderation.
8. Dialectical thinking of the transformation of opposites.
9. People-oriented people-oriented thought.
China's ancient management thought emphasized harmony, advocated coordination, and pursued the realm of harmony, so that both sides of contradictions and differences could be coordinated and unified, and * * * together constituted a harmonious and dynamic world. The interpersonal relationship criterion of "Harmony is the most important" has always occupied a very important position in China's ancient management thought. Mencius said: "The weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony." The "harmony between people" here refers to internal unity and harmony. "The Art of War: Wrestling" lists five ways to win by war: "If the winner does not control, he will win. Yes, I won. Win, win. Both sides will win. Measure the danger of the enemy and win. " He regards winning the support of soldiers at lower levels and the harmony and unity of soldiers as two of the five conditions for winning by war, which shows how much he attaches importance to the management thought of "harmony". "Xunzi Five Overlords" has no time to lose, no place to lose, no peace, no waste. " "Sun Tzu's Art of War" "He who wants the same wins." These thoughts all illustrate the importance of "harmony" in eliminating internal contradictions and conflicts and realizing internal unity. When Akio Toyoda of Japan founded Toyota Textile Company, his management motto was "Heaven, Earth and People", emphasizing "harmony is precious", and his management thought came from Mencius' "The weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as people's harmony".
However, China's ancient management thought of "harmony is precious" is not unprincipled. When he talked about the unity of "harmony", he also attached great importance to "difference", that is, while emphasizing "harmony is precious", he also attached great importance to "harmony without difference" Confucius said: "Gentlemen are harmonious but different, while villains are at odds" and advocated that "gentlemen are not one party". It means that a gentleman is harmonious but different, and a villain is harmonious but different. Therefore, "harmony" here is not blindly pursuing consistency, identity and selflessness, but pursuing the best combination of the whole through the complementary differences of various factors. This is the positive attitude and method people adopt to deal with contradictions and differences. The concrete manifestations of this concept of harmony in management behavior are: yin and yang complement each other, five elements feedback, combining rigidity with softness, dynamic balance and moderate harmony, so as to achieve a harmonious balance between people and between people and nature. It can be seen that the concept of "harmony" in China's ancient management thought is the concentrated expression of China's traditional collective ethics in management, which plays a lubricant role in guiding people to deal with interpersonal relationships and should be highly valued by all managers.
Strictly speaking, modern management is only 100 years old. For China, modern management emerged with the modern mass production after the Revolution of 1911. After 100 years of development, modern management has developed into many disciplines including enterprise management, social management, technical management, public management, strategic management and so on. In this case, a question will arise: In today's wave of global integration and internationalization, is the management thought embodied in China's ancient culture out of date? Is it instructive to modern management science? For example, the theory of yin-yang and five elements can explain all the causes and phenomena of things in ancient times, but how to use it today? I don't think we can turn a blind eye to the ostrich policy, but we should have some discussions and arguments to realize what pseudo-theory and pseudo-science are and what value ancient culture has in what sense.
China's ancient management practice has its own characteristics, especially the military management theory, with Sun Tzu's Art of War as the representative and the Five Classics and Seven Books as the competition theory, many of which have been recognized by many westerners. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, under special historical conditions, China's military struggle reached its peak, and the struggle and confrontation of strength and the contest and competition of intelligence reached the extreme in practice. From the perspective of competition, the historical environment at that time made the competition reach the level of life and death, the realistic contradiction reached the extreme, and the ideological tension reached the peak. Therefore, China's ancient military theory is worth learning from modern society. The important strategic thinking, strategic thinking and strategic thinking in military theory are all based on profound practice, so they will not be out of date, nor can they be evaluated by abstract concept of time. Therefore, China's ancient military theory is of guiding significance to modern competition theory.
China has had effective government and organizational management since ancient times, with a history of more than 4,000 years since the Xia Dynasty. The theory and practice of ancient government and organization management have stood the test of time and history and precipitated many valuable things for modern people to learn and learn from. Especially in talent selection system, organizational structure management, financial management and other aspects, the ancients left us not only words, but more importantly, theories and ideas, which are the inspiration and guidance of ideas.
There are many internal similarities between the rise and fall of an ancient dynasty and the management of a modern enterprise. There were people from all walks of life in a dynasty, just like there are all kinds of people in a company now. How to establish order, how to unify values, how to form social cohesion and so on. Social management is actually managed by a culture, so Confucianism after China's entry into WTO and Taoism after its birth will have a certain impact on both ancient society and modern enterprises. Ancient people and modern people are human beings, so ancient philosophy can also guide the progress of modern people.
Although China's science and technology was not very developed in modern times, it reached its peak in ancient times. Take China's engineering management, such as the manufacture and completion of the Great Wall, the bronze swallow clock, the palaces of ancient dynasties and so on. From the aspects of technology and human management, we can see the brilliance and achievements of ancient crafts and technologies, as well as the effectiveness and advancement of management. Every link of manufacturing includes process management and process management. Nowadays, when people do any business, they all know that they should do a good job in process management, process reengineering and establish propaganda barriers. These are all theories and methods summed up by modern people using ancient wisdom and management experience, which are revolutionary and inherited.
To sum up, I think it can be summarized into several aspects:
First, the achievements of military struggle and management in China's ancient culture. In today's society, any organization has guiding significance in the process of foreign competition;
Second, the achievements of ancient government management in China play an important role in performance management and personnel management within modern enterprises and organizations;
Thirdly, China's ancient ideological and cultural management provided indispensable philosophical and theoretical guidance for the progress of modern people.
Fourthly, the progress of ancient technology and practice in China is the crystallization of human wisdom and experience. Modern people should sum up experience and absorb nutrients. In fact, the above four points just cover the four major aspects of the management system.
Social management, government management, organization management, science and technology management and other aspects are very complicated. In order to make management more effective and successful, we should not only learn valuable things from China's ancient culture, but also accept western culture and management experience in the way of China, and turn them into differentiated things to absorb nutrients from each other. However, western culture is an instrumental thing, while China culture is a self-cultivation thing: one is skill, the other is Tao. If a person can master both "art" and "Tao", then he is not only smart, but also wise. Only by treating people and things in a wise way can he achieve real success.