Hemudu Site: About 7,000 years ago, Hemudu Village in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province (representing the Yangtze River valley in the south of the Yangtze River) used ground stone tools (Neolithic tools), thunder and Yan, engaged in primitive agricultural production, planted rice, raised livestock and settled down (dry fence building).
2. Banpo Site: About 6,000 years ago, banpo village, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province (representing the northern Yellow River basin) widely used grinding stone tools, planted millet, hemp and vegetables, spun hemp and woven fabrics, made painted pottery, and lived in semi-basement houses.
3. Dawenkou site has funerary objects and polarization between the rich and the poor.
Third, ancient legends
1. Two tribes in the Yellow River valley: Huangdi tribe and Yan Di tribe. The Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di and formed the Huangyan Alliance, forming the backbone of the Chinese nation. It is the predecessor of the Han nationality, so the Chinese nation respects Yan Di and Huangdi as humanistic ancestors.
2. abdication system: the system in which tribal leaders democratically elect the leaders of tribal alliances. Yao, Shun and Yu successively served as leaders of tribal alliances.
3. Dayu water control: adopt the method of dredging.
Fourth, Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty.
1, Xia Dynasty: Founded by Yu in about 2070 BC, it was the first dynasty in China. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of China's early state (slavery). Yu's son inherited the throne, and the hereditary system replaced the abdication system. The last king of Xia Dynasty was Jie.
2. Shang Dynasty: In about 1600 BC, the leader of Shang tribe defeated Jie in Mingtiao and established Shang Dynasty. About BC 1300, King Pan Geng of Shang Dynasty moved the capital to Yin (Anyang, Henan). Shandong enters the sea, west to the upper reaches of Weishui River, south to the Yangtze River basin and north to Liaohe River. The last king, Shang and Zhou (tyrant).
Five, the rise and fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty
1, Western Zhou Dynasty: about 1046 BC, Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, with Haojiang as its capital.
2. enfeoffment system: Zhou Wang asked his children, relatives, heroes and descendants of ancient emperors to establish enfeoffment system (the rulers are called monarchs or princes), which is called enfeoffment system. Objective: To consolidate Zhou's rule. The vassals will present property to Zhou Wang and obey his orders to go to war.
3. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty: In 77 1 year BC, the Gourong people broke the Hao well and killed it, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
Sixth, the spring and autumn hegemony.
1, Spring and Autumn Period: 770 BC (Zhou Pingwang moved its capital to Luoyang)-476 BC.
2. Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu and King Gou Jian of Yue.
3. Reasons for Qi Huangong's hegemony: ① Guanzhong reform: developing production, reforming internal affairs, reorganizing the army, and making Qi's national strength stronger. (2) Play the banner of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries". Symbol of Qi Huangong's hegemony: Kwai Chung Association.
4. Chu Jin strives for hegemony: The battle of Chengpu (far away from Miyake) was defeated by Chu and proclaimed himself emperor. Chu Zhuangwang (blockbuster, won the Central Plains)
5. wuyue's hegemony: King He Lv appointed Sun Wu to defeat Chu and become the overlord. Fu Cha, the king of Wu, defeated Gou Jian, the king of Yue.
Gou Jian defeated Wu and became the last overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period.
○ Seven, the Warring States strive for supremacy
1, Warring States Period: 475 BC-22 BC1year. Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin. Han, Zhao and Wei split from Jin.
2. The famous battles in the Warring States Period: the siege of Wei to save Zhao (Sun Bin, Qi) and the battle of Changping (Qin).
3. Zonghe and Lian Heng: Zonghe is represented by Su Qin and Lian Heng is represented by Zhang Yi.
Eight, Shang Yang reform:
1. Background: ① The development of productive forces during the Warring States Period was marked by the extensive use of iron and its popularization in Niu Geng. ② Qin is relatively backward. (3) Qin Xiaogong is determined to reform.
2. Reform: In 356 BC, with the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang began to reform. The main contents are as follows: ① Reform the land system. (2) emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. (3) Reward soldiers. (4) Move the capital to Xianyang and implement the county system. ⑤ Strict laws and regulations.
3. Nature: Shang Yang's political reform is an important political and social reform. Influence: ① Abolish the old system and establish a new system, and the society of Qin has undergone fundamental changes (from slave society to feudal society). (2) The fighting capacity of Qin State has been improved. ③ The social and economic development of Qin State.
4. At the end of the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan and Zheng Guoqu were built in the State of Qin.