As early as after Dayu's flood control, he became the successor of Shun according to the system of "abdication" because of his popularity. When he was in office, China was divided into nine countries, which is probably the origin of "Kyushu Land". Dayu also formulated various systems, which laid a certain foundation for the establishment of Xia Dynasty. After Dayu died, his son Qi inherited the power. Kay won the power struggle with Boyi and killed Boyi. Boyi was originally the successor chosen by Dayu according to the abdication system, and Qi ascended the throne, which broke the abdication system and became the beginning of the hereditary system of the throne in history. That is, "the public world" has become "the home world". During the reign of Qi, the Xia Dynasty was established and reached its peak. The ruling scope of the Xia Dynasty is centered on the western part of Henan Province today, with Hebei in the north and Hubei in the south. East to today's junction of Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces, west to the south of Shanxi.
However, after the death of Qi, Taikang, who succeeded to the throne, fell out of power under the attack of Dongyi nationality. After three generations of struggle, it was not until Shao Kang succeeded to the throne that Xia Dynasty was able to consolidate its stability. This is the process from "Tai Kang lost his country" to "Shao Kang rejuvenating the country". In the future, all rulers are good at controlling Dongyi or building good relations with Dongyi. However, when Jie ruled, it took a lot of financial resources to crusade against border countries blindly. In addition, Jie is a fatuous, incompetent and pleasure-seeking tyrant, who harms the people and reuses his henchmen. When the Xia Dynasty was at home and abroad, Shang Tang made a crusade against it. Jie was defeated by Shang Tang and died after being exiled. Xia dynasty was replaced by Shang dynasty. The development of various systems, economy and culture in Xia Dynasty, especially the progress in agricultural production, copper casting technology and astronomical calendar, had a great influence on later generations.
Because there are no written words handed down directly in the Xia Dynasty, the understanding of the Xia Dynasty has long relied mainly on the records of ancient documents, including the kings, officials, troops and prisons of the Xia Dynasty. Since modern times, the excavation of large palaces, tombs and numerous bronzes in Erlitou Village, Yanshi County, Henan Province has revealed the politics, economy, society, culture and life of Xia State, a tribal alliance in the late period of slavery.
The capital of Xia Dynasty is located in Anyi, which is now Xia County, Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province.
According to legend, when Yao, Shun and Yu were alive, the tribal alliance adopted the method of "abdication" to "select the talents and appoint the talents" and elected the leader of the alliance. For example, Yao was old and gave the position of "king" to the sage Shun.
Yu's father Chongbogun is the leader of Songshan tribe on the south bank of Xiongda River. Shi Chong and Gong Shi, both tribes with rich experience in water control, are located at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain on the Hebei coast. In the period of Yao and Shun, in order to compete for the royal power, the gun workers fought fiercely with Yao and Shun successively, all of which ended in failure. Later, Yu continued to unite with many tribes, such as the Gong clan, and gradually carried out water control work in Iraq, Luoyang, Henan, Hebei and other regions. Yu took over the position of Gun, abandoned the general plan of Gun "blocking" water control, and changed to dredging, that is, dredging the river in the highland according to the height of the terrain, so as to reduce the flood in the fertile plain. After treatment, most of the residents in the high-lying areas along the Great Plains moved to the relatively low-lying Yuan Ye to cultivate those fertile land. Those lush vegetation and animal breeding areas have become places where people are willing to settle down. The remarkable improvement of social productive forces provided the necessary economic foundation for the establishment of a slave country. .
Yu is the leader of the Xia tribe alliance in the Central Plains. After he became the "* * * Lord" of the tribal alliance, he tried to form an army, levy three Miao people in the south, build a city and formulate a criminal law, which provided a foundation for the establishment of the first dynasty in China history-Xia.
When I was old, I passed the throne to my son Qi. Since then, abdication system has been replaced by hereditary system. This indicates that the long primitive society has been replaced by private ownership society, which should be said to be a progress in history. However, the establishment of a new system will inevitably encounter some objections. After Xia Qi ascended the throne, in order to confirm his position, he held a banquet in Juntaida for tribal leaders. You Hu's family was very dissatisfied with the practice of breaking the Zen system and resolutely refused to attend the Juntai meeting. The army was mobilized to crusade against the Hu family, and the war hit Gansu, and the Hu family was defeated and destroyed. This conquest initially consolidated the new autocratic regime, and the original democratic recommendation system was forcibly replaced.
The establishment of the new system has a process of gradual improvement; The emergence of the new regime also faces the problem of insufficient ruling experience. The regime based on private ownership, even in the rising stage, cannot change the nature of exploitation, plunder and enjoyment of rulers, and the struggle for power and interests within the ruling group becomes inevitable. Therefore, after Xia Qi's death, there was a power struggle between the five sons. After Taikang acceded to the throne, he was not solid in political affairs and indulged in debauchery. The leader of the poor family seized power. Until Hou Yi was killed by his minister Han Zhuo, Xiang's son Shao Kang fled to You's family, and with the help of You's family, he organized Xia's aides to accumulate strength. Taking advantage of the internal chaos of Han Biao, he sent troops to defeat the forces of Han Biao and his son and regained power, thus restoring the rule of Xia Dynasty. These are the events in the history of Xia Dynasty, such as "Taikang lost his country", "Houyi replaced Xia" and "Shao Kang revived".
At the end of the Xia Dynasty, the internal affairs of the royal family were not repaired, foreign invasion continued, and class contradictions became increasingly acute. After Xia Jie acceded to the throne, he didn't consider reform. He is arrogant and extravagant, building palaces and decorating Yao Tai. He drank and had fun day and night, ignoring the sufferings of the people. They pointed to the sun and cursed Xia Jie. The minister was loyal to the proposal, but he was imprisoned and killed. The governors of the four sides also betrayed each other, and Xia Jie fell into an isolated situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion. Seeing that the time is ripe to attack valerian, Shang Tang wrote "Destiny", saying that "Xia Duo's crimes are determined by Destiny", asking everyone to attack with all their strength and carry out God's will. In the Battle of Mingtiao, Shang Tang's army defeated the other army, and Jie escaped and died in the South Nest, and the Xia Dynasty perished. A powerful country has experienced more than 400 years of history, but it was destroyed by a small country, which caused people's shock and thinking. Therefore, there is a warning that "Yin Jian is not far away, but in the world of Xia Hou".
Due to the lack of historical materials of the Xia Dynasty, many people doubt whether there was a Xia Dynasty in history. However, the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is as clear as that of Shang Dynasty recorded in Yin Benji, and the Oracle bones unearthed in Anyang Yin Ruins also confirm the lineage of Shang Dynasty. Therefore, most scholars believe that the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is credible. In this way, on the basis of archaeologists' further understanding of the material and cultural remains of Shang Dynasty, such as Yin Ruins in Anyang and Zhengzhou Shopping Mall, etc. Put forward the research topic of Xia culture exploration, hoping to find the material and cultural remains of Xia dynasty through archaeological means, and then restore the history of Xia dynasty.
According to documents, ancient historians suggest that Xia people may have lived in two areas: one is Dengfeng, Yuxian and Luoyang Plain near Songshan Mountain in western Henan; One is the lower reaches of Fenshui River in the south of Shanxi. Because the legendary capital of Xia Dynasty and some important historical events are mostly related to these two regions. From 65438 to 0959, the investigation of "Xia ruins" began, which opened the prelude to the exploration of Xia culture. In recent 40 years, a series of archaeological investigations and excavations have been carried out in western Henan and southern Shanxi, which gradually narrowed the goal of exploring Xia culture. At present, most scholars believe that Erlitou culture named after Erlitou site in Yanshi (including Erlitou type and Dongxia peak type) and Longshan culture in western Henan are the main exploration objects of Xia culture, and have expressed various views on Xia culture. However, due to the lack of direct evidence such as words, the academic community has not yet formed a * * * understanding of which remains are Xia culture. However, both "Longshan Culture" and "Erlitou Culture" in western Henan have accumulated quite rich materials, which have created good conditions for finally solving this problem.
[Edit this paragraph] The State System of Xia Dynasty
The tribal kingdom of Xia slavery was built on the ruins of the primitive commune system. In the process of the gradual disintegration of the primitive commune system, the patriarchal clan system has become a destructive force to it. Hereditary kingship and hereditary nobility in slave countries are gradually developed on the basis of patriarchal clan system. Therefore, after the formation of the country, aristocratic organizations at all levels should still maintain the old blood relationship and strictly distinguish surnames. The royal family enfeoffed tribes, in addition to maintaining their own surnames, but also established new surnames with fiefs, and doctors took the city as their surnames. Among the nobles at all levels, according to the different surnames, their respective clan relations were established. Although this clan relationship follows the legacy of the old clan organization, it is actually based on the patriarchal clan system, and the hierarchical status of nobles at all levels is determined according to their class rank and family affiliation.
[Edit this paragraph] The demise of the Xia Dynasty
There was chaos in Confucius' family, and the rule of Xia Dynasty declined gradually.
Until the last king of Xia, Jie, he was a famous tyrant in history. Although valerian has wisdom and courage, he is cruel, bloodthirsty, addicted to alcohol and lewd, wasting people's money and harming the people. The Shang tribes in the east used cavalry to cut down the evil and destroy the summer.
Valerian in the summer solstice was once inhabited by kings of 14 and 17 generations, and existed for nearly 500 years.