It is a marginal subject that developed rapidly in the late 1970s. Under the guidance of medical imaging equipment, based on imaging diagnostics and clinical diagnostics, combined with the principle of clinical therapeutics, it is a series of technologies to diagnose and treat various diseases by using catheters, guide wires and other equipment. That is, under the guidance of imaging medicine (X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI), a series of diagnostic methods are adopted, and special catheters or instruments are inserted into the diseased parts through percutaneous puncture or human original pores for diagnostic imaging and treatment, or pathological, bacteriological, physiological and biochemical, cytological and imaging data are obtained. Interventional radiology was introduced to China in the early 1980s, involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of digestive system, respiratory system, orthopedics, urinary system, nervous system and cardiovascular system. Especially for diseases that were previously considered incurable or difficult to cure (various cancers and cardiovascular diseases), interventional therapy has opened up a new treatment approach, which has the advantages of simplicity, safety, minimally invasive, few complications and quick response. Under the guidance of imaging methods, it uses percutaneous puncture and intubation to diagnose and treat various diseases through "non-surgical" methods such as drug perfusion, vascular embolization or dilation. Because it is minimally invasive in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, it is not available in traditional internal medicine and surgery; Strong repeatability; Accurate positioning; High curative effect and quick response; The incidence of complications is low; The unique characteristics such as simple connection and application of various technologies quickly established its important position in the field of modern medical diagnosis and treatment. 1996 1 1 month, the State Science and Technology Commission, the Ministry of Health and the State Administration of Medicine officially regarded interventional medicine as the third largest diagnosis and treatment system in modern clinical therapeutics, alongside surgery and internal medicine. Looking back on the development history of interventional radiology, interventional radiology has been recognized by the academic community and the majority of patients because of its distinctive disciplinary characteristics of integrating image diagnosis and minimally invasive treatment under the guidance of medical images. Interventional radiology has the following technical characteristics: 1, minimally invasive, and often only skin puncture, intubation, physiological or surgical intubation can complete diagnosis and treatment. 2. Strong repeatability. When the one-time treatment is incomplete or the focus recurs, the progressive treatment can be repeated many times in the same way. 3, accurate positioning Because all operations are carried out under the guidance of medical imaging equipment, the puncture and intubation are in place accurately, and the blindness of diagnosis and treatment is small. If the implantation rate of catheter through catheter system is higher than that of surgical implantation, the displacement rate will decrease. 4, the curative effect is high, effectively blocking lumen stenosis such as hemorrhagic lesions and vascular stenosis. Once the interventional technique is successful, the curative effect will be immediate. If the bleeding stops immediately, the lumen will open immediately and the accompanying symptoms will disappear immediately. Some people call it "dramatic effect". For some intractable diseases, such as arteriovenous malformation, liver cancer and other advanced cancers, interventional therapy is superior to traditional treatment. 5. The incidence of complications is low. Based on the above characteristics, the incidence of complications caused by interventional techniques is low, and fatal and disabling serious complications are extremely rare. 6. The connection and application of various technologies are simple and easy. For some lesions, multiple methods are needed simultaneously or sequentially to achieve good results. A variety of interventional techniques are convenient, with less mutual interference and strong synergy. For malignant biliary obstruction, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTCD) can be advanced, and then stent or inner tube can be placed. The tumor itself can be treated by internal irradiation or arterial chemotherapy (chemotherapy for short) perfusion. The treatment of vascular stenosis can be combined with thrombolysis, balloon dilatation and stent implantation. Interventional therapy can cooperate well with surgery. For example, preoperative tumor embolization can give huge tumors a second chance to operate, reduce intraoperative bleeding, shorten the operation time and improve the tumor resection rate. For bleeding cases, interventional techniques should be used to stop bleeding first. Then the primary lesion was surgically removed. It can turn high-risk emergency surgery into safer elective surgery. Clinical application of interventional radiology: 1, vascular intervention: angiocardiography and cardiac catheterization; Drug perfusion: intra-arterial infusion of chemotherapy drugs, thrombolytic drugs, hemostatic agents, etc. ; Vascular embolism: bleeding blood vessels, tumor blood vessels, arteriovenous malformation, arteriovenous fistula, hemangioma, splenic artery embolism, etc. Angioplasty: balloon dilatation, stent implantation, laser and rotary cutting of heart valve and vascular stenosis, etc. 2. Non-vascular intervention: percutaneous biopsy, aspiration, drainage and treatment: such as percutaneous biopsy and ablation treatment of solid organ diseases, percutaneous chemical dissolution or aspiration of intervertebral disc and nucleolysis, percutaneous abscess and cyst aspiration, drainage and drug injection treatment, stone treatment, etc. Balloon dilatation and stenting for pipeline stenosis: such as balloon dilatation and stenting for tracheobronchial, esophageal, gastrointestinal, biliary, urethral, ureteral and anastomotic stenosis.