The ancient nationalities in China. Like Xianbei, it is a branch of Donghu people. At the end of Qin Dynasty (the end of 3rd century BC), after Donghu was attacked by Xiongnu, some people moved to Wuhuan Mountain (now north of Xilamulun River in the upper reaches of Liaohe River), hence the name. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (reigned in 87 years before 140 BC) defeated the Xiongnu, and moved Wuhuan to the frontier fortress of zhi gu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaodong and Liaoxi, and then set up a captain to protect Wuhuan, and the ministries of Wuhuan were not allowed to communicate with Xiongnu. Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties. Originally a nomadic tribe, Wuhuan began to develop agriculture after moving south. At the beginning of the 3rd century, most of Wu Huan joined Cao Cao, and more than 10,000 people fell into the Central Plains and gradually merged with the Han nationality. Most of the people who stayed beyond the Great Wall were Xianbei people.
According to textual research, there is a Wuliao Mountain at the northwest 140 of Tianshan Town, Arukerqin Banner, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, which is the place where Wuhuan people moved. Wuhuan people gradually developed and migrated to the south in this land, and maintained close ties with the feudal regime with the Central Plains as its capital in political, economic, military and cultural aspects until they entered all parts of the Central Plains and merged with other ethnic groups.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the Wuhuan nationality mainly lived in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, western Liaoning and Liaodong, which was equivalent to the central and eastern Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia, the northern part of Chifeng City, the northern part of Hebei Province and the northern part of Liaoning Province. In the 25th year of Jianwu (AD 49), the leader (adult) of Wuhuan paid tribute to the Han Dynasty and accepted the titles of Hou, Wang and Jun. Soon, he led a large-scale relocation to ten counties on the border. It developed westward to the Hetao and Erdos areas in Inner Mongolia today. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the conquest of Cao Wei's regime, except for some Wuhuan people who moved to Liaodong, "the rest stayed and moved to China". Since then, this ancient nation has gradually disappeared from history. Wuhuan, also known as "Wuwan", "Guwan" and "Wuyan", is one of the ancient nationalities in the East Lake system. Language, like Xianbei, is a branch of Donghu language, which has no characters and relies on wood carving belief. When Donghu flourished, Xianbei was an important member. During the Qin and Han dynasties, he was active in the winding music water (now Xilamulun River). It is adjacent to Lou, Fuyu and Goguryeo in the east, Xiongnu in the west, Secretariat of Youzhou in the south, Xianbei in the north and Wuhuan in the south.
In the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC), Donghu was destroyed by Mao Dun Khan of Xiongnu, and the war was in chaos. One of them, Wu Huan, fled to Wu Huan Mountain (now north of Arukerqin Banner in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, that is, the southern end of Daxing 'anling) and was named "because of the number". However, the name of Wuwan appeared in the Warring States Period. The Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi once pointed out: "The two cities, Bo and Qi, are also adjacent to the Fifth Ring Road and Fuyu in the north and shrink to North Korea and Fan Zhen in the east." Some scholars believe that Wu Huan was originally the name of a tribal adult, and later it was extended to the name of a tribe. Another way of saying this is that Wu Huan and Xianbei were not named after mountains, but changed their names, so there was Wu Ma Chuan.
According to the biography of Wu Huan in the later Han Dynasty, the ancestor of Wu Huan said, "Wu Huan is a native of Donghu." The same is true of Wang Shen's Shu Wei, which holds that Wuhuan and Xianbei are both Donghu people. As for Wu Huan, before he joined Donghu, it was mentioned in the Annals of Bamboo Books: "After Finn ascended the throne, three years later, September 1 came to the imperial palace. Yue Weiyi, Yu Yi, Fang Yi, Huang Yi, Bai Yi, Chi Yi, Xuan Yi, Yi Feng, Yang Yi. " Red yi is still red, living in the east, which seems to be related to Wuhuan people. In the custom of Wuhuan, the vaults are all in the east, and the heavens, the earth, the sun and the moon are connected with mountains and rivers. The sun is almost red, which can give people light and warmth, which is very important for the five rings living in the northern cold region. Ding Qian pointed out: "Wu Huan is also a transliteration of Ulan, and the Mongolian red is Ulan, so it is also called Chishan." The Fifth Ring Mountain is Chishan. After the death of the Wuhuan people, they burned their bodies and killed dogs to be martyred, "so that the god who protects the death can return to Chishan". Chishan seems to be the base of Wuhuan ancestors, so it is called "a thousand miles northwest of Liaodong". Later Chishan, also known as "Yuyang Chishan", was the place where Wuhuan moved south, which is today Chishan in Chifeng City. Perhaps Wuhuan moved out from Chishan, north of Xilamulun River in the northwest of Liaodong, and did not set up Chishan as a memorial after arriving in Laoha River basin. People in Wuhuan often ask shamans to chant scriptures for directions and lead them with dogs, so that the souls of the deceased can return to Chishan after passing through obstacles. This custom seems to indicate that their ancestors once rode dogs and pulled sledges to the southeast of Mongolian grassland. In the later development, Wu Huan gradually absorbed some Huns and Han Chinese.
Wu Huan and Xianbei of other Huns, and Biography of Wu Huan and Xianbei in the History of the Later Han Dynasty are all named after living in Wu Huan Mountain and Xianbei Mountain. I don't know that Wuhuan is the name of cleverness, and Xianbei is the name of Swiss belt, which has nothing to do with mountains. (Excerpted from Huang Xianfan's Inner Mongolia has been the territory of China since Qin and Han Dynasties, journal of guangxi teachers education university, No.2, February, 198 1).
Note: ①: Textual research on Bai Niao Cangji's Donghu people. The Chinese translation of "tiger" means auspicious animal. Wuhuan, Mongolian means wisdom. Wu Huan gradually declined after being broken by Cao Cao. At that time, except for Liaodong, Liaoxi and Youbeiping, most of Wuhuan stayed in the same place and maintained a certain strength. Until the Jin Dynasty, Wu Huan's activities were still frequently seen in history books, both outside and inside the Great Wall. At the beginning of the Western Jin Dynasty, Wuhuan in the northern part of Youzhou was ruled by Murong, Yuwen and Duan of Xianbei respectively, and gradually merged with Xianbei. Some of them eventually joined Kumohi. From the north of Youzhou to the Bohai and Pingyuan counties of Jizhou, there are Wuhuan cavalry battalions. Wang Jun is the secretariat of Youzhou and a captain of Wuhuan. Finally, it was controlled by Wu Huan and Xianbei. In 307 (the first year of Jin Yongjia), it was merged by Schleswig. After Schleswig captured Youzhou, he traveled to Youzhou and Hebei, and spent his time in Guo Xiang (now southwest of Xingtai City, Hebei Province). In the middle of the 4th century, Yan Qian was attached. After Fu Jian destroyed Yan Qian in the former Qin Dynasty, Wuwan was mixed with Feng Xu and the Northern Emperor. Then, Mu Rongchui established Houyan with the help of Wu Huan. Cui Zeng led Ding Ling and more than 520,000 people to fly the ladder and dig tunnels to attack Yecheng. Wu Huan, as the assistant, Liu Dawei was fully confident and fought against Mr. Murong. At the beginning of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba GUI attacked Xindu (now Jixian County, Hebei Province), and Zhang Xiang took the city down. Later, he fled to Zhongshan (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province). Jue pulled Zhongshan and Xiang was captured. In 398 (the second year of Long 'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty), his son Juck Zhang collected more than 2,000 households of Wu Huan and Han people from Nanpi, Bohai County (now Nanpi County, Hebei Province), calling himself King of Wu Wan, and then went south to the plain (now Pingyuan County, Shandong Province). The following year, he was killed by Wei Zhi general Yu Yue.
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, Wu Huan lived with other ethnic groups, and the ethnic composition changed, forming the so-called "miscellaneous Hu". "Shu Wei" says: "The people attached to each faction are collectively called' 50,000', and how many factions are called chiefs." Wuwan often becomes a general term for miscellaneous nationalities. In addition to scattered in the above counties, it also extended to Shang Jun, Fengyi and Beidi counties in Shaanxi. Wuhuan in Yanmen County merged with Xianbei and Xiongnu to become iron-rich and Liu-rich or solitary, and later developed into Xia State in Helian Bobo. Uhuan in Youzhou and Bingzhou continued to move inward, spreading all over the east of Taihang Mountain and now in the south-central part of Hebei Province, and actively participated in political struggles in various regions during the Sixteen Countries and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Some of them have lived in the county for a long time and gradually integrated into the Han nationality. There have been surnames such as Hao, Liu, Zhang, Wang and Lu in the Fifth Ring Road. The other part joined Xianbei by virtue of its strength, first merged with Xianbei, and finally assimilated into Han nationality with the sinicization of Xianbei. Because the Huns broke Donghu and Wuhuan was alone, they served the Huns. Xiongnu Khan collects livestock and leather from Wuhuan every year. If you don't pay it within the time limit, you will confiscate your wife as a handmaiden. In the fourth year of founding ceremony, Liang Wudi (1 19 BC), Huo Qubing was captured by the Han Dynasty and moved to the Great Wall in Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaodong and Liaoxi counties, that is, the land of Laoha River Basin, the upper reaches of Luohe River and the large and small Linghe River basins, to spy on the Huns for the Han Dynasty and protect a captain of Wuhuan in Youzhou.
When Wang Mang came to power, Wu Huan stopped paying cloth tax to Xiongnu, and Xiongnu plundered people and animals in Wu Huan. Wang Mang also drove Wu Huan to attack the Xiongnu, taking Wu Huan's wife as hostage and threatening to kill, and Wu Huan surrendered to the Xiongnu.
At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Huan often joined forces with Xiongnu to disturb the area east of Dai Jun. In the 21st year of Jianwu (AD 45), Ma Yuan led an army to beg. The following year, the Huns suffered from civil strife, drought and locust plague. Wu Huan took the opportunity to attack them, and the Huns moved to Mobei. Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, bribed King Huan of Wu with gold and silk. In twenty-five years, nine hundred and twenty-two people, such as Hao Dan, an adult of Wuhuan in western Liaoning, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, including handmaiden, ox and horse, tiger and leopard, and mink. Han Nai appointed eighty-one princes, and allowed them to move in, so that they were stationed in Liaodong, western Liaoning, Youbeiping, Yuyang, Yangguang, Shanggu, Dai Yan, Yanmen, Taiyuan and Shuofang counties. The land was about equivalent to the lower reaches of Daling River in Northeast China, northern Hebei, northwestern Shanxi and central China. In Shanggu Ningcheng (now Xuanhua, Hebei Province), Wu Huan, a captain, was placed in charge of rewards, protons and sealing the city. After Emperor Han Ming, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Han and Emperor III, Han and Wu Huan lived in peace.
After Wu Huan moved south, the original residence was occupied by Xianbei; A few people who stayed beyond the Great Wall all surrendered to Xianbei, and since the beginning of the 2nd century, they often helped Xianbei and South Xiongnu plunder the Han border. Wu Huan fought Xianbei and Xiongnu, and served as a captain from Wu Huan. In the middle of the 2nd century, the Han Dynasty confronted the southern Xiongnu, and all the ministries in Wuhuan also went their own way, either attacking the Xiongnu from the Han Dynasty or joining forces with the Xiongnu to attack the Han Dynasty. At the end of the 2nd century, Han also frequently used Wuhuan cavalry to suppress insurgents in various places. In the second year of Ling (185), Zhang Wen was appointed as a general riding a chariot. He sent 3,000 riders from Wuzhou to Shanhaiguan to suppress Liangzhou rebels. The Wu Huan factor was levied, and the death was slightly exhausted, and the people's hearts were floating, and the army had no fighting spirit. They all fled to the ministries of Youzhou without fighting. In the fourth year of Zhong Ping, Zhang Ju, the satrap of Mount Tai, and Zhang Chun, the prime minister of Zhongshan, rebelled, so they used the Five Rings of Youzhou to plunder Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Youzhou and Jizhou. Zhang Chun called himself the King of Midian Stability and was the Marshal of the Five Rings of each county. In the sixth year of Zhong Ping, Zhang Chun died, and the Wuhuan army collapsed. Gongsun Zan often fought Wu Huan in Hebei, and was called General White Horse. Hou Yuan Shao destroyed Gongsun Zan, and Wu Huan sent troops to help. Yuan Shao gave Ta Dun, Wang Qiao and Khan Yin a ribbon, which they all thought was Khan.
In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao Cao in the battle of Guandu and died immediately. Ten years later, the youngest son is still waiting to rush to western Liaoning and go to Tadun. In the twelfth year, Cao Cao made an expedition to Wuhuan and fought in Liucheng. Wuhuan was defeated, killing Ta Dun and the following famous soldiers, and Liucheng surrendered more than 200,000 people. Cao Cao moved more than 10,000 people from Youzhou and Bingzhou counties to live in the Central Plains and fight with the army. Therefore, the three counties of Wuhuan are famous in the world. In the 23rd year of Jian 'an (2 18), Wuhuan and Xianbei rebelled, defeated by Cao Zhang and Tian Yu, and their strength was seriously weakened again. Wu Huan, who stayed in his hometown, merged with Xianbei because the land was quickly occupied by Xianbei. Immigrants are gradually assimilated by Han Chinese.