Alexander the Great, whose name Alexander means "the guardian of mankind"; July 22, 356 BC-June 323 BC 10) was King Alexander III of Macedonia. He maintained the unity of the Greek city-states headed by Macedonia and conquered Persia and other Asian kingdoms to the border of India. It took him 13 years to conquer the "known world" from the perspective of Europe at that time, and he was considered as one of the important military strategists in history.

India

King Ashoka (about 304 BC-232 BC) is the third generation monarch of Indian Peacock Dynasty, the son of Mullah, and the king in Indian history. He was a Buddhist and later became a protector of Buddhism.

According to Buddhist scriptures, after his death in the first 273 years, King Ashoka, with the help of his ministers, competed with his brother Su for the throne, killing all the political opponents of the royal family. At the beginning of his reign, he was considered a tyrant. Soon Ashoka believed in Buddhism (some people say it was influenced by Buddhist half-brothers; Others say it is influenced by shaman. Conquered the Jieling family about 26 1 year ago; 6.5438+0.5 million people were captured, 6.5438+0.5 million people were killed, and hundreds of thousands of people were killed or injured. Then, except Mysore, India was unified. Its rule became an unprecedented and powerful era in the history of ancient India.

* * * Roman Republic

Rome was a small country when it was founded. Since the beginning of the 5th century BC, it has defeated some Latin American cities and neighboring countries such as Lasquin, conquered the indigenous and Greek city-states in the southern Italian peninsula, and became a big country in the Mediterranean region.

From 264 BC to 65438 BC+046 BC, Rome and Carthage fought three wars for the hegemony of the Mediterranean coast and unified the Mediterranean coast.

From 2 15 to 148, Rome launched four Macedonian wars. Rome conquered Macedonia and controlled the whole of Greece. Through the Roman-Syrian war and its diplomatic means, it controlled parts of West Asia and established a great power position spanning Africa, Europe and Asia and dominating the Mediterranean.

Julius Caesar conquered Gaul through the Gaul War (the first 58 years-the first 49 years), making it the Gaul province of Rome.

Roman Empire

(27 years ago-395 years ago) The official names are the Senate and the Roman people, and the ancient books in China are called Daqin, Fuling and Li Xuan, which is a stage of ancient Roman civilization. In theory, it is a harmonious system, but in fact it is an authoritarian regime.

The Roman Empire can be used to represent all the land under Roman rule. The expansion of Rome made Rome surpass the concept of city-state and become an empire. The heyday of Roman territory was the last year of Trajan's rule (1 17). His military actions successfully expanded the territory of the Roman Empire to the largest extent, starting from the two river basins in the east, reaching most parts of Britain in the west, Egypt and North Africa in the south, and Dakia in the north of the Rhine and Danube. At this time, the Roman Empire controlled about 5.9 million square kilometers of land, making it one of the largest countries in the ancient history of the world.

The Yuan Dynasty (127 1- 1368) was a dynasty in the history of China. It was founded in 127 1 by the Mongolian ruler Kublai Khan (that is, Yuan Shizu), with Dadu as its capital (now Beijing) and Dayuan as its national title, 65438. The historical records of the Yuan Dynasty, the ruling area, show that it is bordered by quicksand in the left and west poles of Liao in the east, Yinshan Mountain in the north and sea surface in the south. The prosperity of Han and Tang Dynasties is not as good as that of Han and Tang Dynasties'. It starts from eastern Xinjiang in the west, including Tibet, Yunnan and northern Myanmar in the southwest, south Siberia in the north, and across Lake Baikal (Arctic Ocean) and Sea of Okhotsk in the east.

French Empire

Napoléon Bonaparte (1August 76915-182/May 5, 2008), that is, Napoleon I, was born in Corsica, a French strategist and politician, and the * * country of France (1799-.

Spanish Empire

The Spanish Empire is one of the earliest global empires in the world, and it is also the first country named "Never Fall Empire". Philip II was the heyday of the Spanish Empire.

/kloc-At the end of 0/5, after the successful campaign to recover lost territory, Spain was unified and quickly moved overseas to expand Zhang Zhilu. /kloc-In the 6th century, Spain and Portugal were pioneers of geographical discovery and colonial expansion, which opened up trade routes in major oceans and made trade prosperous. Spain crossed the Atlantic to America, Mexico to the Pacific, and the Philippines to East Asia. Spanish conquerors overthrew the Aztec, Inca and Mayan civilizations and claimed sovereignty over large areas of North and South America. The Spanish royal family married the European royal family and obtained the inheritance right of a large territory. During the period of Carlos I, the Spanish throne and the Holy Roman Empire merged into one, which made Spain's influence in Europe increase rapidly. Carlos I defeated the most powerful enemies, France and the Ottoman Empire, and Spain began to dominate Europe. From the middle of16th century, the Habsburg dynasty of Spain used the gold and silver mined in America to obtain more military expenditure to cope with the long-term war in Europe and North Africa. During the period of Philip II, although Spain split from the Holy Roman Empire, the power of the Habsburg royal family did not weaken. Instead, it annexed the Portuguese Empire in 1580 (the fall of 1640), acquired the vast colony of the latter, and took half of the Netherlands, half of the Apennines, the whole Iberian Peninsula and almost the whole of Central and South America as its own, including the Philippine Islands in Asia, and even. Since then, Spain has maintained the largest empire in the world (see figure 1). From16th century to17th century, Spain was in the golden age and was the undisputed hegemon in Europe, creating an era called "peace under Spain" by later generations. /kloc-The Spanish Empire owned1630,000 square kilometers of land in 0/800.

Although the Spanish Armada was defeated by Britain in 1588, the Spanish empire began to weaken and the maritime hegemony was gradually replaced by emerging countries such as the Netherlands and Britain, it was still the most powerful country in Europe. However, after the thirty years' war, Spain was devastated and quickly fell from its peak. Although it saved the American colonies, it no longer played a leading role in the European political arena and became a big country. The war of succession to the Spanish throne and the peninsula war made this old empire worse, and then its American colonies became independent. The Spanish-American War gave Spain a final blow, and the former "empire that never sets in the sun" is heading for extinction.

gt.brit。

After the decline of the Spanish Empire, the second one to win the title of "the sun never sets" was the British Empire.

The Victorian era was the heyday of the British Empire.

1588 After defeating the Spanish Armada, Britain gradually replaced Spain as a new maritime hegemonic country and began to expand its overseas colonies. After that, Britain defeated its strongest rivals, the Netherlands and France, in the Anglo-Dutch War and the Seven-Year War, captured large colonies of the two countries and established maritime hegemony. 18 15 Britain's victory in the Napoleonic wars further consolidated its position as an international political and military power, and the industrial revolution made Britain an undisputed economic power. The Victorian British Empire entered its heyday. 192 1 year, there are about 400-500 million people in the world, that is, about a quarter of the global population at that time, all of them are subjects of the British Empire, and its territorial area is about 37 million square kilometers, accounting for 24.75% of the total land area of the world. From the British Isles to Hong Kong, Gambia, Newfoundland, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Malaya, Myanmar, India, Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria, Malta, Singapore and countless islands, there are territories of the British Empire in 24 time zones on earth. The international order under British hegemony is called "peace under British rule". The global map of the British Empire published in Britain usually marks the territory of the empire in red (see Figure 2), which can clearly understand the global influence of this huge empire.

However, there are also criticisms about imperial expansion. 19 th century politician Lord Salisbury complained in 186 1 that Britain spent10.5 million pounds a year to defend its colonies, "only nourishing a lot of military stations and a kind of complacency of' the empire never sets'. A Sri Lankan newspaper quoted colvin R de Silva's famous answer: "That's because God doesn't trust the British in the dark.

However, in the middle of the 20th century, especially after World War II, with the rise of global nationalism and the decline of British national strength, its colonies became independent one after another. At the same time, the rise of the emerging hegemonic country, the United States, also contributed to the gradual disintegration of the British Empire. Today, Britain and most of its former colonial countries have formed an international organization-the Commonwealth to replace the British Empire. But unlike the British Empire, Britain has been unable to directly influence other members of the Commonwealth in politics, diplomacy and economy. The once "not falling empire" finally "fell".