Yin did not deeply realize the seriousness of the development of the power of western Ji surname. He invaded the East, refused domestic advice, and made a mess of domestic politics. After the death of King Wen, King Wu succeeded to the throne, and Duke Zhou was his most important right-hand man. With the help of Bi Gong, he watched the soldiers in the League (Meng) and Tianjin, and held a meeting with the governors of the world. This is a general drill before the attack, and it is also a kind of temptation. The following year1February, King Wu, with the help of Duke Zhou and others, commanded 300 chariots, 3,000 warriors and 45,000 military men to cross Jin Meng. In the early morning of February (about 1027 BC), King Wu gathered in Mu Ye, a suburb of Shang Dynasty, and took the oath of grazing in Shangshu.
The Grazing Oath was written by Duke Zhou. The full text is divided into two paragraphs. The first paragraph denounces Shang Zhouwang for only listening to the woman (da ji) and not offering sacrifices to the ancestor God. Even their ancestors and brothers are not used, but they reuse sinners who have fled from all directions and let them oppress the people, leading to widespread indignation and resentment, yin and destruction; The second paragraph declares that he is a natural punishment, declares operational discipline and encourages soldiers to bravely kill the enemy.
Zhou Wang sent his troops to resist. As a result, the army turned around and rushed back to kill, and the army was defeated. Zhou Wang boarded the deer platform and set himself on fire. The next day, the Duke of Zhou surrounded the Great Yue State and the Small Yue State around the prince of Wu, and announced the charges to the Heavenly Court and officially declared the demise of the Yin Dynasty, and the prince of Wu was the son of heaven in the Zhou Dynasty. Others are only responsible for etiquette, security and arrangement of utensils for worshipping heaven and earth. Comparing the two, we can see that Duke Zhou's position is second only to King Wu's, and his cymbal is a symbol of power.
Zhou Wang died, but King Wu couldn't decide how to deal with the slave owners and upper-class nobles in Shang Dynasty. He first asked the squire-Jiang Shang. Taigong said, "I heard that I love my dog. If, on the contrary, people are not worthy of love, then the fences and walls in the village need not be kept. " It means not only killing Yin Zhou, but also killing all the hostile Yin people. Zhou Wuwang didn't agree. Come to Zhao Gong to discuss. Zhao Gong said, "Kill the guilty and leave the innocent." King Wu said, "No." So I found Duke Zhou again. Duke Zhou said, "Let Yin people live in their original places and cultivate them in their original places. Strive for influential benevolent people among the Yin people. " Duke Zhou's policy of living, local resettlement and disintegration won the praise of King Wu. King Wu ordered Zhao Gong to release the imprisoned Jizi and the imprisoned nobles; Repair Shang Rong's former residence and set up signs; Let Hong Sheng finish the tomb of the Prince; Ordered Nangong Kuo to distribute money from Lutai, open the granary of Giant Bridge and help the hungry Yin people. All these measures show that we should do the opposite, rehabilitate those who have been harmed by Yin and fight for Yin people.
King Wu engaged in feudalism in order to safeguard the Zhou Dynasty. There are fifteen state-owned Feng brothers and forty state-owned Ji. The Yi wares and treasures of the ancestral temple in Shang Dynasty were also distributed to the governors who took part in the battle of Makino. It turned out to be a place directly ruled by Shang Dynasty, and King Wu divided it into three parts, among which Zhou Wang's son Wu Genglu's father was in charge, Wei was in charge of Cai Shudu, and Yong was in charge of the county, which was called "three supervision" in history. (Some people say that Guan Shu, Cai Shu and Huo Shu are also called "three supervisors". However, it is said that Uncle Huo is one of the "three supervisors", and Historical Records and Hanshu are not included in this list. ) fief in the tube (now Zhengzhou, Henan province), Cai fief in Cai (now Shangcai, Henan province). Lu (now Qufu, Shandong Province) made him Duke of Zhou. Feng Taigong looked at Yingqiu (now Linzi North, Shandong Province). Better than Yan. (Now it is southwest of Beijing, and it is said that it is in Beijing. )
King Wu of Haojing, after returning from the destruction of commerce, discussed with Duke Zhou to build a capital on the plain between Luoshui and Yishui to control the East. Because of working day and night, King Wu was seriously ill. Duke Zhou prayed to his ancestors King Tai, King Qi and King Wen. He said, Your Sun Yuan is very ill. If you owe God a child, let me take his place. I am kind and versatile. Your Sun Yuan is not as versatile as me and can't serve ghosts and gods. Today, we think this prayer is funny, but it is very sincere and selfless to Zhou people who believed in the destiny of ghosts and gods more than 3 thousand years ago. After praying, King Wu's condition improved, but he died soon. King Wu was willing to pass on the throne to Duke Zhou, a wise uncle, and said that this matter could be decided face to face without divination. Duke Zhou sobbed and refused. After the death of King Wu, the prince recited the right to inherit the throne. Wang Cheng is just a teenager. In the face of the complex situation that the country has just been established, not yet stable, and domestic troubles and foreign invasion follow one after another, it is absolutely impossible to become a king. "Shangshu Dazhao" said: "The western soil is in great trouble, and the western natives are not quiet." "Historical Records of Zhou Benji" also said: "Public fear, Mubu." The death of King Wu has made the whole country lose its center of gravity, and the situation urgently needs a talented, prestigious person who can deal with problems in time to clean up the situation. This responsibility falls on the Duke of Zhou. Duke Zhou was king when he was in office, playing the role of king. This was a natural thing at that time. There are many records in ancient books, and the Duke of Zhou claimed to be the king. Only in the Han Dynasty, after the reunification, the Duke of Zhou claimed to be the king, and the monarchy was supreme, so that the Duke of Zhou was said to be the "Regent King" and "Pseudo King".
King Wen is not the eldest son. He has two brothers-Taber and Zhong Yong. Bo Yi, the eldest son of King Wen, is on top. Duke of Zhou regards his brother as king. Although it is understandable that the third sage in front of him is only an old four. Duke of Zhou was king, and he was interested in fighting for power and profit, so he made a rumor: "Duke of Zhou is not conducive to being king." In the third year after the Yin Dynasty (BC 1024), together with Cai Shu, he encouraged Wu Gengxu's father to fight against Zhou Dynasty. There are dozens of countries in the East, such as Xu, Yan, and so on, all of which had close relations with the Shang Dynasty. This is an extremely heavy blow to the Zhou Dynasty, which has just been established for more than three years. If the rebellion is not overcome, the Zhou Dynasty will face great difficulties, and the achievements made by Zhou Wenwang after decades of dismal operation will be destroyed. The Zhou royal family is in jeopardy. There are also people in the royal family who are skeptical about the duke of Zhou as king. This situation of internal and external attack put Duke Zhou in a very difficult situation. He first stabilized the internal affairs, maintained unity, and persuaded King Taigong and Zhao Gong to be happy. He said: "The reason why I did not avoid the difficult times and became king was that I was worried that the world would betray the Zhou Dynasty. Otherwise, I have no face to repay Wang Tai, Ji Wang and Wang Wen. The three kings have been worried about the world for a long time, and now they have achieved something. King Wu left us prematurely, and he became king at such a young age. I did this to achieve the Zhou Dynasty. " After the Duke of Zhou unified his internal opinions, the following year (before 1023), he held a crusade against Guan, Cai and Wu Geng. Divination was carried out in advance and "Da Gao" was released.
BC 1022, the Three Swords Rebellion was successfully suppressed, Guan Shu Xian, the first offender, was killed, Wu Geng, who fled to the north, was captured and killed, and Cai Shu, who committed minor crimes, was exiled. After Cai Shu died, his son Hu was very different from his father. Hearing this, the Duke of Zhou promoted him to an official of the State of Lu. Hu governed Lu very well, and Duke Zhou named Hu Xincai.
After the Duke of Zhou pacified Cai, he marched eastward and destroyed Yan (now Qufu, Shandong Province) and other more than 50 countries, and rushed to the seaside to kill Fei Lian. From this week's influence to the seaside. How to rule the conquered areas is a big problem after the victory of the war. Wu Geng, Yizhou, the chaos, that in important areas can no longer use the old clan leaders, must be enfeoffed the most reliable members of the Zhou family, which is different from the enfeoffment of the prince of Wu. Duke Zhou named his brother Kang Shu as the central area ruled by the former Shang king, thinking that the capital (now Qixian County, Henan Province) was given to his seven Yin people: Tao; Shi, Fan, Huang, Hong Ge, Zhong Kui, etc. are mostly families with certain handicraft expertise. The fief in Kang Shu was not only large in area, but also had eight divisions to prevent the Yin people from resisting again.
In order to make Kang Shu rule smoothly, the Duke of Zhou successively issued three letters to Kang Shu: Gao Kang, Jiu Hao and Zi Cai. This is unique among many sealed people. One of the reasons is that Kang Shu ruled in the hearts of Yin people, and the problem was the most acute and complicated; Second, the Duke of Zhou conquered first, which was also the place where the Yin people concentrated, and after the victory of the war, Kang Shu was sealed earlier. Gao Kang, Jiu Hao and Zicai can be regarded as the policy program of the Duke of Zhou for the newly conquered areas. The three themes are "respecting heaven and protecting the people" and "cautious punishment", so that the Yin people can settle down and engage in normal agricultural production and commercial activities after two consecutive major upheavals. But it is not always accommodating, drinking is impolite, unfilial and unfriendly.
The election is a big country in the East. After Guan and Cai spread rumors, Mr. Xuan once said to Wu Genglu's father: "The king of Wu is dead, the king of Zhou is young, and the duke of Zhou is suspicious. The world will be chaotic. Please mention the case (anti-week). " When the Duke of Zhou was elected, the eldest son Boqin was sealed and the State of Lu (now Qufu, Shandong) was established. Six Yin people distributed to Boqin: Xu, Tiao, Xiao, Soxh, Long Shao,. These are also handicraft clans with some expertise, as slaves of Duke Lu.
Bo Gu and other countries also took part in the anti-Zhou Dynasty, learning from his father, Jiang Taigong, who was originally named as Qi Huangong with its capital in Yingqiu (now Linzi North, Shandong Province). Taigong is a general with both wisdom and courage. During the attack week, he took the lead in rushing into the enemy's rear. This time, the Duke of Zhou made great contributions to the crusade, and his fief was quite large. The land that Duke Zhou asked Zhao Gong to seal to Taigong was "east to the sea, west to the river, south to Muling, and north to Wudi". At the same time, it also enjoyed the privilege of special expropriation and special logging. "The five emperors and nine uncles really want to levy." There are many small countries near Yingqiu. When Taigong took office, Dongyilai people competed with him for land. Qi destroyed these small countries one by one and became a big country in the East.
Shuang, who has the same name as Zhou, was made a Yan state, while his eldest son was made a monarch only after the rebellion, with his capital in Hebei (now Beijing). Yan was the barrier of the Zhou Dynasty to the northeast. Its establishment can cut off the connection between the old clan of Yin and Shang and the ancient clan with the same surname in the north, and be close to the Su Shen clan in Songhua River, Heilongjiang River and Liaohe River Basin. It turned out to be a distant country in Zhou. Many Shang and Zhou bronzes were found in Beijing and southern Liaoning. It is confirmed that Yan in the early Zhou Dynasty really ruled the vast territory in the north.
When Zhou Wuwang attacked, Wei Zi came to the military gate with sacrificial utensils, took off his coat, exposed his arms, tied his hands behind his back, and knelt down to surrender to King Wu. King Wu himself untied him and still let him run the original country. I didn't take part in the rebellion of the third prison. After Zhou's rebellion, he was ordered to represent the descendants of Yin people, pay homage to Yin, the first male and the first king, and establish the Song State (now Shangqiu, Henan). Later, Song became a famous big country. In the Song Dynasty, there were Qi in the west (now Qixian County, Henan Province), Chen in the southwest (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) and some small countries in the north. Song was surrounded by various countries.
In addition to the above countries, the Duke of Zhou also enfeoffed a large number of countries with the same surname and countries with different surnames. According to the dog's paw effect, the Duke of Zhou "founded 71 countries, and Ji lived alone with 53 people. In the twenty-fourth year of Zuo Zhuan, Fu Liang said: "Zhou Gongdi's second uncle was not salty, so the feudal relatives used Fan. Guan, Cai, Cheng, Huo, Lu, Wei, Mao, Yong, Cao, Teng, Bi, Yuan, Tan, Yi and Wen Ye. Han, Jin, Ying, Han and Wu also. Fan, Jiang, Xing, Mao, Ji, Sacrifice, Duke of Yin. "It can be seen that there are many countries, large and small, which have been blocked by the Duke of Zhou.
The prince of Wu and the merchants only attacked the core of the Shang Dynasty, and its peripheral forces were swept away until the Duke of Zhou marched eastward. Although about 50 countries were conquered in three years, the consolidation and expansion of the occupied territories were still after the enfeoffment of the same surname. After the Eastern Expedition, Zhou people were no longer the "small country week" in the west, but became a big country with the sea in the east, the Huaihe River basin in the south and Liaodong in the north.
The sudden flurry of the Duke of Zhou's eastward expedition swept the lower reaches, stirring up the pattern of the original ethnic tribes. Some Xu fled to Jiangnan (now Jiangxi); Part of Dongyi was driven to the Huaihe River Basin; Win the surname and move westward; Chu fled to Vale. This has caused great ethnic migration and integration.
The crusaders fought brutally and fiercely. The Book of Songs: "If you break my axe, you still need me." The powerful Duke of Zhou led us eastward, and the four kingdoms put down the rebellion. It is Kong's wish to be sad for me. "Soldiers follow the duke of zhou crusade, axe cut out a gap. Although they suffered a lot in the battle, they are lucky to be alive. Crusaders miss their hometown, and once they return to the fields, their hearts are full of reverie. The Book of Songs Dongshan is a vivid portrayal of this kind of psychology. It is no longer a situation of "being shaken by the wind and rain and only giving voice" before the war. In the second year of Duke Zhou's rites and music, that is, the seventh year of Duke Zhou's reign, Duke Zhou completely handed over the throne to the king. The dialogue between Duke Zhou and Wang Cheng in Shangshu Zhaogu and Luogu was probably recorded by historians at the ceremony when Duke Zhou abdicated as king. When the country is in danger, stand up, do not avoid hardships, and shoulder the heavy responsibility of the king; When the country turned the corner and embarked on the road of smooth development, it resolutely gave up the throne. This fearless and selfless spirit has always been praised by future generations. But the Duke of Zhou did not let him go because of his abdication. Although he was retained by Wang Cheng, he kept telling Wang Cheng, the most famous of which was Shangshu No Escape.
"No escape", don't covet comfort, yes, it is warned by the Duke of Zhou to become a king. Even though we saw it today, we still feel fresh. "Can't escape" begins by saying that only by knowing the hard work of farming can we understand the hidden feelings of "villains"-farmers. Parents work hard in farming, and their children don't know the hardships of farming, so they will covet comfort and even make mistakes, and even insult their parents and say, "Old people don't know anything." Such unfilial remarks were absolutely not allowed at that time. Gao Kang also mentioned that unfilial and unfriendly people should be punished. As a supreme ruler, you should know the hidden suffering below, or you will do absurd things. The Duke of Zhou cited Wu Ding, the grandson of Taiwu, and Shang Tang, a famous monarch of the Yin Dynasty. They are not solemn and fearful, but diligent and self-disciplined. They are "afraid of being abandoned", that is, they can protect the king for a long time without being widowed and enjoy the country for a long time. After that, Yin Wang was born at ease, unaware of the hardships of farming, and only wanted to have fun, so they did not enjoy the country for a long time. Duke of Zhou then listed the humility and fear of King Tai and King Ji of Zhou, especially mentioning that King Wen wore rags, lived frugally, and took part in agricultural labor, so that he could "take care of the little people" and sometimes didn't even have time to eat from morning till night, so as to unite the whole people. He didn't dare to wander around for fun and didn't ask for anything extra, so he enjoyed the country for a long time. Duke Zhou warned future generations not to indulge in "observing, relaxing and hunting in the fields", and he himself could not tolerate saying: Let's just have fun and don't indulge in wine like Shang and Zhou Dynasties. If you don't listen, it will lead to chaos and people's resentment and curse. Someone told me, "Little people hate you and scold you." If you say that you have made a mistake, you should deeply reflect on yourself, don't be angry, don't kill innocent people indiscriminately, and don't punish innocent people indiscriminately. Otherwise, the same resentment will be concentrated on you alone, and the consequences will be unimaginable.
Duke Zhou went deep into the bottom, cared about the sufferings of the people, and it was right to warn himself or educate future generations with "inescapable", but "escaping" and "not escaping" were often influenced by class conditions and living environment and had a sense of decision. Without strong external pressure, it is inevitable for members of the royal family to "escape from life", and it is also inevitable to lose their country because of "escape"
Duke Zhou was in power for three years, supporting the elderly in Fengjing, and soon became seriously ill. Before he died, he said, "I must be buried in Chengzhou after my death and send a signal to surrender to the sky to be king." After his death, he was buried in King Wen's cemetery, saying; "This means that I dare not take Duke Zhou as my minister." Duke Zhou is a model for later politicians. Confucius' Confucianism takes his own personality model as the highest model, and the highest political ideal is the benevolent government at the beginning of Zhou Dynasty. Confucius advocated the ritual and music system of Zhou Gong all his life.