The political situation in old China;
The Chinese nation with a long history of civilization of 5,000 years, like other nations in the world, has experienced the development of primitive society, slave society and feudal society. 1After the 1940s, with the rapid development of world capitalism and the invasion of imperialist powers, it began to enter a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. 19 1 1 Although the success of the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the corrupt Qing Dynasty, it did not overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism, and it was still under the extremely reactionary, decadent, cruel and backward rule of these three mountains.
The life of the people in old China;
Let's take a look at Dr. Sun Yat-sen's description in the Declaration of the First National Congress of the Chinese Nationalist Party in 1924: "The imperialism of the great powers is like a raging wave, plundering by force and economic oppression, which makes China lose its independence and fall into semi-colonial status ..." "Since the Revolution of 1911, the situation in China has not improved, but has deteriorated. The tyranny of warlords and the increasing erosion of foreign forces have plunged China into the semi-colonial quagmire and plunged it into hell ... ""Domestic warlords are violent and arrogant, taking themselves as swords and the people as fish, and all political construction of civil rights is beyond words ... ""The so-called government of the Republic of China has been controlled by warlords, and they have used it to make friends with foreign powers to consolidate themselves. The powers also used it to borrow money to pay their own military expenses, causing civil strife and disputes in China, seizing political power and occupying their respective spheres of influence ... ""Our people are deprived of political life, that is, they are deprived of economic life ... ""The middle class changes frequently, which is particularly difficult; Small entrepreneurs gradually go bankrupt, small-scale industrialists gradually lose their jobs, become refugees, become soldiers and bandits; Farmers can't run their own businesses, sell their land cheaply to people, live an increasingly affluent life and pay more and more taxes. If it is such a terrible situation, it is everywhere, so it is not too bad to say that it is on the verge of despair. ……"
Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who struggled for the liberation of the Chinese nation all his life, left home on 1925 with regret of unfinished business. Two years later, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek betrayed the revolution, aroused the resistance of China and the revolutionary people, and began a ten-year civil war. Then eight years in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and three years in the War of Liberation. Under the oppression of the three mountains, old China, with a history of 5,000 years of civilization and 9.6 million square kilometers of land, is always in a state of blood shed, internal troubles and foreign invasion, frequent wars, fragmentation, natural and man-made disasters, untold sufferings and dire straits.
Industry in Old China:
Although the industry in old China experienced abnormal development of 100 years after the imperialist colonial aggression, its scale was very small and its output was very low. Compared with the highest per capita output 1952 before the founding of the People's Republic of China, the national economy has been restored and developed. Not only are all varieties several times, dozens of times, hundreds of times or even more than two thousand times lower than those of the United States, but the output of most major varieties (such as steel, cement, power generation, oil, cloth and sugar) is also far lower than that of India. But in such a low industrial output, foreign capital still accounts for about 70%, and domestic capital only accounts for about 30%. In domestic capital, bureaucratic capital is dominant, taking 1946 as an example, accounting for 80%.
In old China, not only the industrial scale output was pitiful, but also the structure was abnormal. The output value of the means of production is very low (less than 30%), and the output value of the means of living consumption is relatively high (more than 70%). The level of industrial technology is very low, and most of them are engaged in some repair and assembly. The industrial layout is extremely unreasonable, and very few industries are almost all concentrated in several large coastal cities. For example, 1936, 94% of the industrial output value of the customs area is provided by six cities: Shanghai, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Beiping, Nanjing and Wuxi. There is almost no modern industry in the vast mainland, and the so-called industries in cities below the medium level are basically handicrafts such as cloth shops, dyeing houses, restaurants and blacksmiths. 90% of counties have no electricity supply, and modern means of transportation such as trains, ships and cars can only be seen in coastal areas, along rivers or in large and medium-sized cities. Below the county seat, even rubber-tyred vehicles are rare. Generally, wooden wheels have been used for almost thousands of years, and some have ox carts and rickshaws with hoops, but the poorest places and families don't even have such cars, just people carrying them on their shoulders.
Agriculture in old China;
Although old China has always been a leading agricultural country in the world, its production relations and modes are very backward, and its production efficiency is very low. Until the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), feudal relations of production dominated. Landlords, who account for about 4% of the total number of farmers, account for 50% of the country's cultivated land, while poor farm labourers, who account for 70% of the total number of farmers, only account for 15%. The mode of production is traditional individual manual labor, with almost no mechanized operation, no electricity, no pesticides and no fertilizers. The ability to resist natural disasters is extremely low, and it stays in the state of relying on the weather for food inherited from history. The agricultural output is very low, for example, 1949, the national total grain output is 2 162 billion Jin, and the average yield per mu is only 142 Jin, and cotton is 22 Jin. More than 90% of the country's population is engaged in agricultural production, but food is still not self-sufficient.
The way of life in the old China society;
The lifestyle of old China society is not much different from that of thousands of years ago. Most people in rural areas use "black oil lamps" or even torches for lighting. Ordinary small and medium-sized landlords also wear coarse cloth and eat coarse grains. It is rare to eat polished rice, rice and fish. Soap, matches, kerosene and other daily necessities are all luxury goods and must be imported, which most people can't afford. Only landlords with better economic conditions can live in brick houses. The vast number of poor farm workers live at the bottom of society, and many people have no fixed place in the world. They eat bran and vegetables all year round, hungry and cold, dying. Farmers are not only heavily exploited and oppressed by landlords and rich peasants, but also by the imperialists who invaded China after being involved in the international market, and they are also detained by Kuomintang reactionaries for their salaries and exorbitant taxes. The sufferings of old China, especially in the countryside.
Education in old China;
Although old China was a great country with a civilization history of 5,000 years, its education, science and culture were extremely backward. More than 90% of the total population is illiterate. In the countryside, a village with hundreds of people has a primary school graduate, which is also considered a "scholar". On the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China, there were only 205 colleges and universities in China, with only 1 17000 students. In the 36 years of old China (19 12- 1947), only about 2 10000 college students graduated, with an average of about 5,800 students per year. Therefore, the science and technology in old China was extremely backward, and there were almost no decent scientific research institutions. Many intellectuals who are interested in science have to wander overseas.
The thoughts of the people of old China;
Due to the oppression of the three mountains and the backwardness of education and science, the whole culture of old China was dominated by colonial culture, feudal culture and bureaucratic capitalist culture. People's thoughts are generally enslaved and ignorant by these reactionary and decadent cultures, and the advanced revolutionary ideology and culture are extremely cruelly closed, imprisoned and suppressed. People's thoughts are generally paralyzed and poisoned, and they generally believe in gods, ghosts and lives. The widely accepted creeds such as "Three Obediences and Four Virtues", "Every man for himself, the devil takes the hindmost" and "Money makes the mare go". Lu Xun compared the reactionary cultural rule of old China to "cannibalism".
Medical and health undertakings in old China;
Due to the backwardness of politics, economy, education, science and culture, the medical and health undertakings are also extremely backward. For thousands of years, various plagues have raged. The whole society has no effective systematic control institutions, plans and measures, and the working people have no medical and health care conditions. Tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, malaria, smallpox, plague, cholera, kala-azar, Keshan disease, typhoid and other acute and chronic infectious diseases and endemic diseases can not be controlled at all, and they are allowed to be slaughtered and endanger the broad masses of the people. Therefore, the people of China humiliated by the colonists are called "the sick man of East Asia". Coupled with natural disasters and wars, malnutrition, people's living security ability, especially the working people's living security ability is extremely low. Before the founding of New China, the average life expectancy in China was only 35 years, which was lower than that in the United States (68.6 years) and India (465,438 years +0 years). Throughout old China, where is there no "mass grave" in the countryside? Where are the cities and mines without mass graves?
Foreign exchange in old China;
"Weak countries have no diplomacy". Under the oppression of the three mountains, poor and weak old China was oppressed by imperialist powers and had no place in the world. Compatriots living all over the world have been bullied and suffered a lot. Over the past 100 years, repeated invasions by foreign powers and numerous treaties and agreements, either explicitly or implicitly, have recorded the humiliating history of old China among the nations of the world.