Qin Shihuang abolished the vassal system and adopted the county system, which divided the world into 36 counties. The court directly appoints three most important officials: the county magistrate is the most important official in a county; County commandant, under the county guard, manages public security and leads the army; Sheriff, this surveillance thing. Below the county is the county.
The chariots of the Qin Dynasty should be able to pass through the lanes of 36 counties from Xianyang to the north, Qi to the east and the seaside to the south. It is stipulated that the size of the chariot is unified as the distance between the two wheels on the shaft is six feet, the width of the lane is fifty steps (the Qin Dynasty takes six feet as a step), and pine trees are planted every three feet. Some people who build roads are veterans. The Qin dynasty received all the weapons of Xianyang and cast twelve huge bronze statues and several big clocks.
As soon as the traffic was convenient, commerce developed, and the Qin Dynasty also made unified regulations on the degree (size), quantity (bucket rise) and weight (weight); During the Warring States period, different characters and different writing methods in some areas were defined as unified characters.
In 2 14 BC, Qin Shihuang sent 500,000 troops to pacify Lingnan (now Guangdong and Guangxi) and added three more counties. Daxing water conservancy in the south. In the second year, General Meng Tian defeated the Xiongnu in the north, added another county, and synthesized forty counties.
Qin Shihuang ordered that all the other hundred poems, books and speeches should be burned, except the history of Qin, medicine, divination, planting trees and laws. Anyone who wants to hide or take the words of the ancients against the current law will be punished. He told Shi Yu to bury more than 460 Confucian scholars and alchemists who opposed the emperor. All the inferior ones were blown to the frontier to open up wasteland.
This is the reform of unified measurement. Qin Shihuang abolished the enfeoffment system and set up counties, with cars and books on the same track. Another important thing that Qin Shihuang did was to conquer the Huns and build the Great Wall.
The Xiongnu in the north took advantage of the decline of Yan and Zhao to invade the south step by step, and even a large area of land in Henan (south of the Yellow River Hetao) was taken away. Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian, a general, to send 300,000 troops to the northern expedition to Xiongnu, recover the Hetao area and make it into 44 counties, and sent a large number of mainland prisoners to open up wasteland there. In order to strengthen the defense in the north, Qin Shihuang recruited hundreds of thousands of civilian workers to connect the original Great Wall in the north of Yan, Zhao and Qin, and built many new walls, from Lintao (now Minxian County, Gansu Province) to Liaodong (now northwest of Liaoyang, Liaoning Province) to build the Great Wall in Wan Li. In the past, the Great Wall of all countries was built in their own dangerous places for their own defense. Qi, Chu, Wei, Yan, Zhao and Zhongshan all built the Great Wall. In 2 14 BC, the Great Wall built after Qin Shihuang's reunification only connected the Great Wall built by Qin, Zhao and Yan in the north. Today's 6300-kilometer-long Great Wall was built after the Han Dynasty. Text will automatically follow the sound.
Qin Shihuang abolished the vassal system and adopted the county system, which divided the world into 36 counties.
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Outstanding Qi Jiguang.
In the forty-first year of Jiajing (A.D. 156 1), the Japanese invasion in Fujian became more and more serious. Qi Jiguang was ordered to lead 6,000 elite soldiers into Fujian to fight against the Japanese invasion. When they arrived in Ningde, the soldiers took advantage of the low tide to cover mud with straw and attacked the Japanese lair in Hengdao (now Yuheng Village, three kilometers east of Ningde) from the sea, killing more than 2,600 Japanese troops and destroying the Japanese lair that had been entrenched here for many years. The enemy is on Yuheng Island, five kilometers away from Ningde, and they are risking their lives to hold on. The official army was at loggerheads with the enemy for more than a year.
Qi Jiguang (1528 ~ 1588) was a famous soldier, national hero and strategist in Ming dynasty. The word Jing,No. Nantang,No. Night. Originally from Weihui, Henan, he moved to Dingyuan (now Anhui) and then moved to Dengzhou, Shandong (now Penglai). Jiajing was born on the first day of October (1528165438+10/2) in Luqiao (now southeast of Jining, Shandong). Born under the door, I like reading art books since I was a child, and I am diligent in martial arts and determined to serve the country. 17 years old, attacked his father and served as director of Deng Zhouwei. Twenty-five years, in charge of reclamation. Twenty-seven years, for five years in a row, the garrison soldiers guarded the Jimen Gate (now northwest of Changping, Beijing) and returned in the Spring and Autumn Period. Twenty-eight years in October, in Wu. In 29 years, I went to the capital (now Beijing) to try. At that time, Anda, the leader of the Mongolian right-wing Tumote Department, led the army to intimidate the capital, defected to Chen's defense strategy, temporarily served as the general flag and guarded the nine gates of the capital. In thirty-two years, Shi Shi took charge of the affairs and led twenty-four guard battalions in Dengzhou, Wendeng, Jimo and other places in Shandong Province to train the water army, rearm and fight against the Japanese invaders invading the coastal areas of Shandong Province. He wrote a poem to express his ambition: "I don't want to be a marquis, I hope the world will be peaceful" (Stop the Hall Collection). In July of thirty-four years, he was transferred to Zhejiang as a company commander and secretary, responsible for reclaiming land. In the second year, with enough wisdom, he was promoted to general of the capital, guarding Ningbo, Shaoxing and Taizhou. In Longshan (now Ningbo), Jinyun and Tongling, he fought three battles with the Japanese army. Flee the Japanese army by winning, face the ambush, calmly fight and command decisively, forcing the Japanese army to escape into the sea. In actual combat, it was found that the Ming army's combat capability was low and it was difficult to resist Japan. He wrote many times asking for training a new army. In thirty-seven years, cengang (now Zhoushan) was defeated and dismissed, thus resisting Japan. In March of the following year, under the restraint of Tan Lun, deputy envoy of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Justice, he led the troops to rescue Taizhou. In May, the Japanese invaders who invaded Tao Zhu (now Linhai East) were annihilated. In September, 4,000 farmers and miners (3,000) were recruited in Yiwu, and weapons were distributed according to age and figure, and they were trained in groups. In thirty-nine years, in view of the characteristics of various weapons and equipment of the Ming army, the coastal terrain was so desolate and the Japanese pirates were scattered, and the "Yuanyang Array" with both offensive and defensive functions was established, with 12 people as 1 team. Long and short weapons are used repeatedly, and both the enemy's stab and defense are taken into account. Because of the change of formation in various places, the Japanese aggressors have repeatedly lost and fought. Taking advantage of the gap in combat training, he wrote a new book about Ji Xiao, expounded the theory and methods of selecting, compiling, training and going out to war, and cultivated Qi Jiajun, making him famous all over the world. He served as generals in Taizhou, Jinhua and Yanzhou (now Jiande East), reorganized the garrison equipment, supervised the construction of warships and strictly observed coastal defense. In the past 40 years, 1 10,000 Japanese pirates and hundreds of ships have flooded into Xiangshan, Ninghai and Tao Zhu in eastern Zhejiang. Qi Jiguang established the strategy of "making great efforts to destroy the enemy", concentrating the navy and army in Ninghai first, and then destroying them in turn. After nine wars, the enemy was captured, 1400 people were killed, and more than 4000 people were burned to death and drowned. Historically, it was called "Taizhou Victory". I am the commander of the capital. Another 3,000 Yiwu soldiers were recruited to participate in the suppression of Fujian-Guangdong uprising refugees who entered Jiangxi. In forty-one years, the Japanese invasion of Fujian intensified, and Qi Jiguang was ordered to lead 6,000 soldiers into Fujian to fight against the Japanese invasion. In Ningde, soldiers took advantage of the low ebb tide rate, covered mud with straw, and attacked the Japanese nest in Hengdao (now Ningde East) from the sea, killing more than 2,600 Japanese soldiers. He moved to Fuqing and captured Tian Niu (now southeast of Fuqing) in the middle of the night. He was called "Qihu" by the Japanese. Taking advantage of his victory, he went to Putian and xinghua city and stopped it. He unexpectedly occupied Linton (south of Putian) and destroyed three Japanese nests in Fujian. Moved to Zhejiang, promoted to commander-in-chief, served as deputy commander-in-chief, guarding Fujian and Zhejiang coastal defense. In forty-two years, the number of new Japanese troops increased, and Xinghua was besieged. According to Pinghaiwei (southeast of Putian), it is the old nest. Qi Jiguang went to Yiwu for the third time to recruit ten thousand people. He was ordered to lead the Central Army to fight against Yu, the company commander of Fujian on the right, and the company commander of Guangdong on the left, to conquer Pinghaiwei, behead more than 2,200 Japanese pirates, seize more than 3,900 pieces of equipment, and rescue more than 3,000 robbed men and women. Soon, he was promoted to Fujian company commanders, guarding Fujian, Wenzhou and Jinhua in Zhejiang, and supervising land and water military affairs. In the winter of the same year, the enemy surrounded Xianyou (now Fujian) with more than 10,000 troops, and Qi Jiguang led only 6,000 troops, so he made a plan to slow down the troops and wait for reinforcements to solve the siege of Xianyou one by one. The following year, they chased Wang Cangping of Tongan County and Caipoling of Zhangpu County, and wiped out thousands of Japanese pirates. In forty-four years, he led the water army to Meiling (in today's Zhao 'an), encircled Wu Ping, the pirate leader who colluded with the Japanese army, and forced him to flee to Nan 'ao Island (in today's waters bordering Fujian and Guangdong). Guangdong general commanders Xuan and Yu jointly attacked Nan 'ao Island, captured and beheaded more than 200 people in Wuping Department/KLOC-0, burned and drowned more than 5,000 people, and destroyed nearly 100 ships. Wu Ping escaped (saying that he was thrown into the sea and died). He was ordered to be in charge of the military affairs of Chaozhou (now Chaoan), Huizhou and Shenwei Camp in Jiangxi, and shoulder the heavy responsibility of defending the coastal defense from Wenzhou, Zhejiang to Huizhou, Guangdong. Tan Lun, Yu and other famous anti-Japanese pirates fought bloody battles for more than ten years, basically eliminating the pirates along the southeast coast. In December of the first year of Qin Long (1567), Qi Jiguang was transferred to the capital to train horses. The following year, he was appointed as assistant commander of Ji Shenying with the same knowledge. Jiance trained 6,543,800 chariots to ride elite border guards in three years, repelled the enemy with chariots, met the enemy with infantry, and pursued the enemy with cavalry, thus strengthening the defense in the north. At the order of the Prime Minister, he transferred troops in Jizhou Town (now northwest of Qianxi County, Hebei Province), Changping and Baoding to control the soldiers below the company commanders in the three towns. Later, he was appointed as the company commander. Investigate the border defense and the enemy's situation, divide the thousand-mile defense line in the jurisdiction into 12 roads, set up east-west cooperation and shunt. In the winter of the same year, he led the troops to Qingshankou (now the northeast of Hebei Province) and defeated Dong Hu and Chang 'ang of Duoyan Department of Mongolia. In three years, he was promoted to the right, and also supervised military affairs such as Jizhou, Yongping and Shanhaiguan. Please offer martial arts next year. In Shuaifuzhizhitang, he taught military strategy, military skills and training methods to the Ministry and the school. Five years ago, he wrote "Practice Discipline of Training", which advocates that training should be based on training generals, emphasizing that generals should cultivate themselves, cultivate their nature, cultivate their nature, cultivate their nature, and advocate running military schools, training from practice and cultivating good generals who are proficient in military strategy. In six years, three trench battalions were built, six chariot battalions were built, and 1 109 vehicles were built, which were divided into Miyun, Jianchang (now northeast of Qian 'an) and Zunhua. In the winter of the same year, about 6.5438+10,000 people assembled riding troops to conduct seven-day actual combat exercises and multi-day review at the edge of the Great Wall, which was a feat in the history of ancient training. From the first year of Wanli (1573) to the third year, a total of 1337 enemy platforms were built. He led troops out of the village many times, defeated Dong Fox, who disturbed the border, and forced him to confess. In order to keep the border work, enter the left governor. In seven years, he led the troops out of Shanhaiguan and helped Li, the company commander of Liaodong, to defeat the site of the Mongolian branch of the Han Dynasty (Tumen Zasak Tuhan), with less merit and less salary. The following year, I made my own steel wheel fire and buried it under the enemy's defensive platform along the border to kill the enemy. 16 town, strengthen border preparation, and secure Jiyumen. In eleven years, he was excluded and transferred to Guangdong. In thirteen years, he was framed and returned to the state. He died on the eighth day of December in the fifteenth year (1588 1.5) at the age of 6 1. There is a gathering in the stop hall. Qi Jiguang was a military soldier all his life, and he was active in resisting Japan. Pay attention to training, especially good at educating generals, with strict military discipline and clear rewards and punishments. In War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, a mandarin duck array with both offensive and defensive functions was established to attack the Japanese flexibly and skillfully. Defend Jizhou, build cities and castles, and divide the roads to defend against Mongolian cavalry effectively. Ji Xiaoxin's Book and A Record of Training are famous military books in Ming Dynasty, which are valued by military strategists.