Event background: Nanjing incident happened on the eve of the split between Kuomintang and Communist Party. Bao Luoting, the Soviet consultant of the National Government, and the left wing of the Wuhan National Government tried to launch a mass revolution, expand the forces of * * and eliminate the right forces in the National Government by launching an anti-British and anti-Japanese movement. 1927 65438+1On October 4th, hundreds of thousands of China people rushed into the British Concession in Hankou, and the British military and police were forced to withdraw from the Concession. On October 6th, 65438/KLOC-0, the same conflict happened in the British Jiujiang Concession. At first, Britain regarded these two incidents as a premeditated provocation by the national government against Britain, so it called on other countries to send troops to Shanghai to express their determination to maintain the concession. 65438+1 On October 6th and 7th, countries reached a resolution that Britain sent 3,300 troops, the United States sent14,000 troops and Japan sent 300 troops.

Bao Luoting also established a temporary joint meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the China Kuomintang and the National Government Committee in Wuhan. By mastering China and the left wing of the Kuomintang, he gained political dominance. On the grounds of "improving the party's power", "opposing military dictatorship" and "overthrowing new warlords", the "unified revolutionary forces" and "unified revolutionary forces" were adopted on March 1927. Facing the pro-Soviet forces that overthrew Chiang Kai-shek, Jiang Zhongzheng made up his mind to break off relations with * * *, so he discussed with Wang Jingwei who had just returned to China, started the work of cleaning up the Party, expelled Soviet advisers and broke with * * * *. Wang Jingwei proposed a solution to avoid radicalism and suggested that Chiang Kai-shek personally go to Wuhan to persuade * * * to move the National Government and Party Department to Nanjing.

Bao Luoting, a warlord at war with the National Government, also secretly instigated General Guo Songling to oppose Zhang. Zhang Jiang and his wife started a secret relationship in the autumn of 1926. They sent Tang Shengzhi and Yang Yuting as representatives to hold a secret meeting and reached an agreement to jointly expel the forces of the Communist International. Therefore, less than two weeks after the "Nanjing Incident", Zhang raided the Soviet Embassy in China on April 6, arrested Li Dazhao and others, and from the Comintern ("One of the instructions said that" all means must be set to incite people to exclude foreigners ","all means can be used, even robbery and the most tragic killing ",which confirmed that the Soviet Union completely directed the violent and xenophobic movement to overthrow the China government. On April 65, 438+02, Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Dacheng reached a tacit understanding and launched the so-called "Party Cleanup" in Shanghai. On June 5th, Wuhan government dismissed Bao Luoting, Galen and other Soviet advisers, and on July 5th, 18, the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang held a meeting and made a resolution prohibiting * * * from expelling Soviet advisers, which eventually led to the split between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. The Nanjing incident intensified the contradiction between the left and right factions in the Kuomintang and was regarded as one of the important prelude to the split between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party.

What happened:

1927 On March 23rd, Jiangyou Army, a member of the Central Army of the National Revolutionary Army who participated in the Northern Expedition, arrived in Nanjing. Lu Zhi Army under the command of Zhang Zongchang retreated into Nanjing, and then fled in Xiaguandu Jiangbei. That night, some troops of Lu Zhi Army who did not cross the river were defeated and robbed in Nanjing, but Lu Zhi Army did not attack other foreign targets except two foreigners walking in the street and two evacuated foreigners' houses.

In the early morning of March 24, Jiang Youjun's vanguard troops entered Nanjing, fired guns along the way, and asked consulates in Nanjing whether there were war criminals hiding in them. After receiving a negative reply, these troops quietly left the foreign consulate. At 7 o'clock on the morning of March 24, the main forces of the 2 nd, 6 th and 40 th armies of Jiang Youjun successfully occupied Nanjing City and Shimonoseki without resistance.

From 8 o'clock in the morning, a large-scale wave of foreigners' exclusion broke out in Nanjing, which lasted until 5 o'clock in the afternoon. Foreign consulates, churches, schools, trading houses, hospitals and foreign houses in Nanjing and Shimonoseki have all been violated and looted. Dr. J. E. Williams, Vice President of Jinling University, was killed, as was the President of Aurora University (Italian). In addition, two British nationals died, 65,438+0 Japanese nationals died and 65,438+0 French nationals died. In this attack, the British and Japanese consulates became the primary targets of the attack. Herbert a giles, British consul in Nanjing, was shot and injured. Masahei Morioka, the Japanese consul who was ill in bed, was also hit, but he was not injured.

At 3 pm, the American consul Davis, who was surrounded by a hill in Shimonoseki, sent a fire rescue signal to the British and American warships moored on the Yangtze River, and the British and American warships began to shell Nanjing. On the one hand, Cheng Qian, the commander of Jiangyou Army, stopped the robbery; On the other hand, he entrusted representatives of the Red Cross to contact British and American warships and asked them to stop shelling. The shelling of British and American warships lasted about 1 hour, and the wave of robbery gradually subsided around 5 pm.

In the Nanjing incident, the death toll of foreign nationals in Britain was 2, while that in the United States, France, Japan and Italy was 1. Three people were injured in the United States, two in Britain and two in Japan. A British sailor aboard the British ship Emerald was killed when Jiang Youjun returned fire. It is difficult to count the property losses of foreign consulates and expatriates. According to various surveys, the number of casualties in China is 36-39, with dozens injured and hundreds injured.

On March 29th, the Japanese Consul General in Shanghai, Tian Ming Taro, sent a telegram:

The Nanjing robbery was organized by the Party representatives of the 2nd Army, 6th Army and 40th Army (Lv Diping, Cheng Qian and He Yao Group), officers sent by the grassroots and China * * * in party member, Nanjing. When attacking, take the local party member as the guide, and plan the target and place in advance. The former is limited to foreigners; The latter chose consulates, churches, schools and other places where foreigners are concentrated. [5]

On April 1927 and 14, the Wuhan government submitted reply notes to the British, American, Japanese, French and Italian consuls in Hankou, acknowledging that "the killing of friendly people is prohibited by international public law and the general practice of civilized countries, and the circumstances are particularly serious; It is also forbidden to bomb sister cities ... ",and the May 30th Massacre and Shamian Massacre in which sailors from Britain, France and other countries shot and killed the people of China were cited as protests. In the rest of the note, the Wuhan National Government proposed that an international commission of inquiry investigate the culprit of the Nanjing incident. If it was due to the fault of the National Revolutionary Army, it would apologize for its actions against foreign nationals. In addition, the note also promised to protect the lives and property of outsiders, and proposed to cancel the unequal treaties.

After the success of the Qing Communist Party in Shanghai, Li Fuchun and Lin Zuhan (Lin), directors of the Political Department of the Second and Sixth Armies who were wanted for the Nanjing Incident, issued a wanted order.