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Learning History from You 28—— Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Art with Charm and Style
? The four hundred years from the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties are the times with the most adjectives in China's history. It is full of turmoil, suffering, war and absurdity. Politically, from the Yellow Scarf Uprising at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the unification of the Sui Dynasty, it experienced numerous wars and political confrontations. In ethnic relations, war and ethnic migration have promoted the coexistence of Hu and Han and the unprecedented blending between ethnic groups; In terms of ideology and culture, Confucianism, which has been advocated since Qin and Han dynasties, has split and gradually declined, so the metaphysical thought originated from Laozi and Zhuangzi has become popular, forming a light, bold and detached Wei and Jin demeanor; At the same time, with the prosperity of Buddhism, it injected new blood into China culture, and the cultural core of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism gradually expanded during this period. At this time, China, the glory of Qin and Han Dynasties has passed away, and the weather of the prosperous Tang Dynasty has not yet arrived. As the most chaotic period in China's history, the people faced the deepest suffering, and the dynasty had the weakest control, and political pressure did not exist, which stimulated people's liberation and freedom of spiritual art and gave birth to cultural and artistic characteristics of paying attention to aesthetics, yearning for nature and pursuing transcendence.

In the art of calligraphy, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was a climax in the history of China's calligraphy. Calligraphy in this period not only has outstanding works, but also has a large circulation. On the other hand, calligraphers such as Wang Xizhi and Zhong You appeared in this period, which had an important influence and contribution to the development of the whole history of calligraphy. The greatest feature of the golden character is that it perfectly expresses the personal value of calligraphy. Among them, the most influential are Wang Xizhi, a book sage, and his seventh son, Wang Xianzhi. The Preface to Lanting, known as the world's first running script, embodies the character of Jin people in literary thoughts and calligraphy skills, and makes China literati's understanding of the world and nature rise to a new height. This work is exquisite, laying the foundation for the characteristics of the new running script. The 400-year period of Wei and Jin Dynasties at the end of Han Dynasty was a glorious period for the development of China's calligraphy art. In a state of high spiritual freedom, Wei and Jin scholars pursued the beauty of calligraphy with abundant energy, rich in temperament, generosity and style, immersed in thick ink and indulged in it, and inadvertently created an extremely pleasing charm, reaching the acme of China's calligraphy art. People said "the rhyme of Jin, the rhyme of Tang Zhiyun and Song". The style of calligraphy in Wei and Jin Dynasties is "natural and free and easy", that is, a word "rhyme". During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's calligraphy entered the era of "Bei Bei Nan Tie", and the rich Weibei also made important contributions to the emergence of different writing methods of regular script, and the rich Weibei forms made great contributions to the future development of calligraphy. For example, Yan Zhenqing's elegant face in the Tang Dynasty and Liu Gongquan's delicate body were all influenced by Wei Bei.

? In painting art, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the long-term division of the country and the great ethnic integration, the development of social art became more diversified. Its characteristics focus on the deepening of painting art in Han dynasty and the absorption and digestion of Buddhist culture and art, thus making Wei and Jin painting reach an unprecedented aesthetic realm. The form of painting in this period is mainly long scrolls, emphasizing the vivid portrayal of characters. Although this is only the product of a specific era, it has had a far-reaching impact on the painting of the whole feudal society. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, influenced by the Han culture, the paintings of ethnic minorities gradually changed to the shape of characters in the Central Plains, and the painting techniques in the Central Plains were also influenced by other ethnic groups, especially those in Greece, Persia, India and the western regions. In painting, the introduction of western colors made the murals of this period more colorful, such as the murals of Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, whose characters have religious characteristics and are still vivid because of their rich and bright colors. At the same time, in the form of painting, the Wei and Jin Dynasties created tomb murals, brick carvings, temple murals, large stone carvings, lacquer paintings and other painting forms, especially tomb murals and temple murals, which well presented us with the religious culture of folk funeral relics at that time and had high historical and cultural value. In terms of painting types, with the rise of landscape poetry, landscape painting began to become an independent painting type, and flower-and-bird painting slowly appeared. In the history of China, the first batch of painters and professional painters who were famous for their painting skills appeared in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, while Gu Kaizhi, Lu Tanwei and Zhang Sengyou in the Southern and Northern Dynasties represented the rapid development and maturity of figure painting in the Han Dynasty. There is a saying that "Zhang gets his flesh, Lu gets his bones, and cares about his spirit". It can be seen that Gu is a master of figure painting, and his representative works include "A History of Women" and "A Picture of Luoshen".

Grotto sculpture art, the excavation of Buddhist grottoes in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was from west to east. During this period, after the unification of Qin and Han Dynasties for four centuries, China fell into a state of separatist regime. Social unrest has made foreign Buddhism have a broad social foundation, and the rulers have taken the lead in worshipping Buddhism, and Buddhism has been widely spread. The 480 Temple in the Southern Dynasties is the most vivid portrayal. At that time, with the prosperity of Buddhism, there was a large-scale activity of building cave temples. Several large grottoes in China, such as Dunhuang Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes, Longmen Grottoes and Maijishan Grottoes, were excavated during this period. Dunhuang statues break through the limitations of Buddhist art form and content, and reflect real life in a tortuous way. The implicit beauty and knowing smile of the bodhisattvas in those paintings profoundly show the unique solemnity of women. Buddha's face also has transcendental wisdom, and the subtle movements of eyebrows and eyes show a quiet and serene state of mind. With the support of the Northern Wei regime, Yungangshang Grottoes are the largest statues in the whole grottoes. Their stone carvings are magnificent and rich in content. The early statues came from complex sources, such as heavy clothes, prominent clothing lines and huge bodies, which reflected the clothing and modeling characteristics of Gandhara and Central Asia. Yungangshang Grottoes were excavated in the later period of Emperor Xiaowen, and the statues at this time have exquisite, elegant and magnificent styles. Bodhisattva still wears a treasure crown, and the clothes worn by carving patrons are also a wide range of Hanfu, which reflects the China process of Yungang Grottoes art, the influence of real life and fashion on art, and the great ability of China traditional art to integrate and transform foreign art.

? During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China people's thoughts were colorful and brilliant. In addition to artistic achievements such as painting, calligraphy and sculpture, there are Tao Yuanming's leisurely seeing Nanshan and Ji Kang's Guangling San, which together form a brand-new aesthetic taste and outline for us what scholars call "verve", "character", "verve" and "fantastic".