In prehistoric times (about1.7000 -4000 years ago), according to historical years, the ancient culture of China included the social life of human beings in the prehistoric cultural period, Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties. Prehistoric culture refers to the culture produced by human society before written records.
Archaeological prehistoric society in China began with the discovery of ancient humans, and the lower limit is the age when Yin Ruins in Oracle Bone Inscriptions were discovered, that is, the historical period before Pan Geng moved to Yin in Shang Dynasty. The prehistoric society in China referred to by history is the historical period before the documentary record, that is, the stage before the Republican calendar of the Western Zhou Dynasty. China prehistoric culture is mainly divided into Paleolithic Age, Neolithic Age and Bronze Age according to archaeological years.
Prehistoric archaeology mainly studies the geology, artifacts, ancient human and paleontological remains of prehistoric cultural sites, while historical archaeology examines the history of ancient humans through words, inscriptions and ancient buildings. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties are the bronze age in the archaeological history of China, and also the origin of Chinese civilization with Central Plains culture as the main body.
The late Neolithic period was also the legendary Three Emperors and Five Emperors (Sui, Fu, Shennong; Five Emperors: Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Di Ku, Yao and Shun), there is no exact archaeological and documentary evidence. Xia Qi, Shang Tang and Wu Zhou were the kings of these three dynasties. There are still many questions about the dating of many events in the Three Dynasties, even though it has been documented since Confucius.
Bronze culture reached its peak in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Besides Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a large number of inscriptions carved on bronzes are also important written records. In prehistoric times, China had a formal historical record of human development, including early ape-man, late ape-man, matriarchal clan, and the legendary history of three emperors and five emperors, until the Xia Dynasty was finally established.
This period has the longest time span, from 6.5438+0.7 million years ago to 2.65438+0 century BC. Apes are Yuanmou people in Yunnan and Lantian people in Shaanxi. Later, the head structure of Beijingers made new progress. Beijingers use crude stone tools and live a very hard primitive life.
Since then, matriarchal clans and patrilineal clans had a common ancestor, and the word "surname" now reflects the fact of ancient matriarchal clans horizontally and vividly. The matriarchal clan gradually declined after its heyday and spread to the paternal clan period. At the same time, monogamous families were formed and primitive society began to disintegrate.
Prehistoric period includes three stages: primitive man, which is the primary stage of prehistoric period and the earliest social organization form of human beings. Primitive man can be divided into two stages: "ape-man" and "ancients".
This period belongs to the early and middle paleolithic period in archaeology. The main representatives of ape-man fossils are Yuanmou man, Lantian man and Beijinger.
The tools used by apes are stone tools, which mainly rely on collecting fruits and digging roots for a living. Hunting activities are also of great significance. Apes also know how to use the fire of nature to improve the living environment and enhance their ability to conquer nature.
Apes form consanguineous families by consanguinity, and several consanguineous families form relatively loose social organizations. Because the ape-man left the animal not long ago, his marriage was still in a hybrid state.
Compared with the ape-man, the physique of ancient people was obviously improved, which was close to that of modern people. Paleontological fossils and remains are widely distributed, mainly represented by Dali people, Changyang people, Dingcun people and Xu Jiayao people.
The tools used by the ancients were still hammering stone tools, but the hammering technology was improved and the method of artificial lighting was mastered. The life of the ancients still depended on gathering and hunting.
At this stage, the marital status has improved, from primitive hybridization to peer group marriage, and then to group marriage between a man and a woman in another family. Matriarchal society is also called matriarchal clan system.
In the early days of matriarchal clan system, the primitiveness of human constitution basically disappeared, and it was called "new human", which belonged to the late Paleolithic in archaeology. To the late matriarchal clan system, modern people formed, belonging to the early Neolithic age.
Fossils and cultural remains of new human beings in China have been found all over the country, mainly including Hetao people, Liujiang people, Zhiyu people and cavemen. At this stage, the making tools have been greatly improved and bows and arrows have been invented.
Its production departments are mainly gathering and hunting. People have learned to sew animal skin clothes, resulting in primitive aesthetic concepts and religions.
At the same time, marriage outside the family appeared, forming a clan system with an old grandmother as the core. Because of the important position of women in collection and production, the matriarchal clan system centered on women is determined.
All members of the same clan have the same surname, and their children also take their mother's surname. Cultural relics in the prosperous period of matriarchal society spread all over the north and south, and the main representatives are Peiligang culture, magnetic mountain culture culture, Yangshao culture, Hemudu culture, Majiayao culture, Qujialing culture and microlithic culture.
At this time, the productivity level was significantly improved, and grinding and punching stone tools replaced making stone tools; Primitive agriculture came into being; Livestock breeding, primitive handicraft industry and sideline production. People began to settle down.
The original aesthetic and religious concepts continued to develop, and the earliest written symbols came into being. Patriarchal Society China entered the patriarchal society about 4,000 years ago.
Its main cultural relics are Longshan culture, Qijia culture, Dawenkou culture and Liangzhu culture. At this time, it belongs to the late Neolithic period in archaeology.
The level of social productivity in the patriarchal clan system era has been greatly improved compared with the past, which is mainly manifested in: the development of agricultural production; Expand the scale of livestock breeding; Progress in pottery-making technology; The appearance of bronze ware manufacturing; The invention of silk; The general improvement of handicraft level and the formation of social division of labor. With the development of social productive forces and the emergence of men's prominent position in the production sector, the original status of men and women within the clan has undergone major changes, and men have begun to occupy a dominant position.
At the same time, marriage has changed from pairing marriage to monogamy, and patriarchy has emerged with the emergence of families. Property is inherited according to the paternal line, and lineage is calculated according to the paternal line. After the formation of patriarchal clan system, private ownership sprouted and came into being.
With the intensification of the polarization between the rich and the poor, there has been class opposition. This further led to the disintegration of primitive society and the emergence of the state.
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2. Historical Dictionary of Historical Vocabulary (Revised Edition)
Author: editor Zhu
Publishing House: Academic Publishing House
brief Introduction of the content
When compiling this dictionary, we strive to show the whole picture of every historical phenomenon and pay attention to absorbing new research results. When choosing historical materials, we should consider politics, economy, culture and nationality. In the interpretation of each historical phenomenon, the purpose is to be comprehensive and objective, or attach a general comment to reveal its connotation. Considering the special situation that there is no direct literature in prehistoric times, writing mainly absorbs and draws lessons from cultural relics, archaeological materials and myths and legends to make up for the lack of historical materials. In addition, in other historical periods at home and abroad, we also pay attention to compiling some cultural relics in order to reveal historical phenomena from various angles.
In the arrangement of this book, the history of China is arranged in the order of ancient, modern and modern. The chronology of each historical period is based on the current viewpoint of China historians. The entries of each historical period are arranged in chronological order. Because the contents of individual items span a long historical period, they are generally compiled in the initial period. Items that are not easy to sort by time are compiled at the end of the historical period. World history is also in the order of ancient times, modern times and modern times, and the chronological system adopts the latest viewpoints of China historians. Every historical period is arranged by country first and then by time.
catalogue
Classified thesaurus
Phonetic index
Dictionary text
Stroke index
appendix
Chronology of Chinese historical events
Chronology of world historical events
Brief List of Ancient Official System in China
3. Classic historical stories keep their promises.
During the Warring States period, the Qin army surrounded Handan, the capital of Zhao, and the situation was very critical.
Cheng Xiao, the king of Zhao, sent Ping Yuanjun to Chu for help. Pingyuan intends to show 20 members of the public around.
19 people have been selected to complete this task, and one of them is still missing. At this time,
He volunteered to go, but Ping Yuanjun hesitated to take him with him.
Chu State.
After Ping Yuanjun arrived in Chu, he immediately talked with the King of Chu about "aiding Zhao" for a long time.
There is no result. At this time, Mao Sui said to the king of Chu, "We have come to ask you to send reinforcements today. you
Don't say a word, but don't forget, although Chu has many soldiers, it has been defeated repeatedly, even
The capital is also lost. In my opinion, Chu needs to unite against Qin more than Zhao! "
Mao Sui's words convinced the king of Chu and immediately promised to send troops to help Zhao.
When Ping Yuanjun returned to Zhao, he said with emotion: "When Mr. Mao arrived in Chu, Chu was more important than Jiuding."
Luda. "("Jiuding Dalu ":Ding is the treasure of an ancient country. )
The idiom "It's a deal" comes from this story, and describing a sentence can play a very important role.
Return home in splendor-retire after success
Heather Volume 38. Liu Chuan.
Qingyuan is gentle, and Yuan Jing's younger son is also. ..... to engage in Langzhong. Emperor Wu is Zen,
Seal the heavy marquis, ride a regular servant, and change Yun Feng to Du Hou. Out of Yongzhou secretariat, increase the viceroy. emperor
When he arrived at the new pavilion, he said, "Go home with your clothes on, and have nothing to worry about." "The first emperor wudi for yongzhou.
Qingyuan said, "once upon a time, the sheep said ricas, you should have stayed in my place when you were young. Look at this.
This is the case. "Not ten years ago, Qingyuan was the governor, and theorists thought that Wei Yongzhi was more than that.
Liu Bang's embattled situation changed Xiang Yu's morale. The soldiers wept bitterly. At the beginning, Xiang Yu was
In order to make contributions to the state of Qin, we lost a good opportunity to "break Xianyang as king first". It is because of the "unbearable" mistake.
Lost the opportunity to kill Liu bang at the Hongmen banquet; After Burning Epang Palace, I want to "collect its treasures"
Women are the East. "At that time, a wise man suggested that he be king in the capital of Qin. Xiang Yu faced the state of Qin.
The palace was destroyed and he wanted to return to the East. Then he said, "If you don't return to your hometown with wealth, it's like a night outing. Who knows?"
This man. "This hit the nail on the head to say Xiang Yu's view of" returning home with clothes and offering sacrifices to ancestors "
Reading. As the saying goes, "Good people are rewarded". Xiang Yu has ancient people in China.
Traditional thinking, but he also has the ambition of "calling the emperor". In his eight years of bloody fighting, he began.
He is a lonely tragic hero after all. Xiang Yu wants to be an emperor on the one hand and everyone on the other.
Envy heroes. And I am bent on making a name for myself in front of my fellow villagers in Jiangdong. All these/all these
It became a "roadblock" for him to become an emperor.
Fear of danger in every voice; Start with the rustling of leaves; be frightened out of one's wits
Interpretation of idioms: Li: birdsong. Hearing the wind and the cry of cranes, everyone suspected that it was a pursuer. Describing people
In a panic, suspicious.
The origin of the idiom: Biography of Xie Xuan in the Book of Jin: "Everyone thought that Julian Waghann had arrived when they heard the news."
Example of idiom: The gangsters who fled in panic were scared out of their wits.
(where ~ stands for this entry: the wind is shaking and the grass is full of soldiers)
Idiom story: Civil strife occurred at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. Because of the long-term turmoil, the Western Jin Dynasty finally disappeared.
Fortunately, Si Marui, the king of Langya, established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang. When the Jin Dynasty crossed the river to the south,
However, the Hu people occupied the north, which was later occupied by the former Qin dynasty, while the east of Jiangnan
Kim objected.
At that time, Fu Jian was the leader of the former Qin Dynasty, and he made Wang Meng his prime minister, bent on doing a good job in the country.
Become very powerful. In order to fulfill the wish of reunifying China, Fu Jian brought 800,000 troops.
Attack the south. The ministers of the Jin Dynasty were very scared when they heard the news. Only the Prime Minister Xie An was very afraid.
Arrange the war calmly.
When he reached the land of Fei Shui, Xie An quickly sent troops to cross the river before the Qin army was ready.
Sneak on the army of the former Qin Dynasty. The former Qin dynasty was badly defeated, and the soldiers fled around and heard the wind or
The sound of cranes barking, I thought it was the Jin army coming, and I was very scared. In this battle,
The heavy casualties of soldiers in the former Qin dynasty determined the long-term confrontation between the north and the south.
The jackal who plays the tiger-helping the bad guys to do evil.
H Pei zu Chang
[Explanation] What the hell! In ancient times, it was said that people who were eaten by tigers became ghosts after death.
The door lures people to eat tigers. Be a ghost for the tiger. Metaphor is to be an accomplice of the wicked.
[Source] Taiping Guangji Volume 430: "Ghosts, people who are eaten by tigers are also.
In front of the tiger, he said. "Sun Song Guangxu's" North Dream "Volume 4:" Anyone who dies of a tiger,
The drowning ghost's name is Nuo, and it must be changed. "
Flaming trees and silver flowers ―― the display of fireworks and the ocean of lanterns (on the night of the festival)
4. Which dynasty is China now? Xia dynasty: about 2029 BC-about BC 1559, total: 47 1 year Shang dynasty: about BC 1559-about BC 1046, total: 438 Zhou dynasty: about BC/kloc-0. Total number: 867 Qin Dynasty: 2265438 BC+206 BC, before 2265438 BC+2265438 BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries, first known as the emperor, with a total number of 16. Western Chu: from 206 BC to 202 BC, Xiang Yu, the overlord of western Chu, lasted for five years: from 202 BC to 8 AD. Total number: 2 10 new dynasty: 8 AD1February-23 AD1October 65438+6 new emperor Wang Mang, total number 16. Xuanhan: 23-25 AD, Liu Xuan, 3 years in total. Eastern Han Dynasty: A.D. 25-220, Hanguang. Total: 6 1 Jin Dynasty: 265-420 AD, divided into Western Jin Dynasty (265-3 16) and Eastern Jin Dynasty (3 17-420), total: 156 Southern and Northern Dynasties: 420-AD. Total: Tang Dynasty in 38 years: 6 18-907, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, total: 290 Five Dynasties: 907-960, Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty, Later Zhou Dynasty, total: Ten countries in 54 years: 89 1-979, total. It is divided into the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) and the Southern Song Dynasty (1 127- 1279), with a total of 320 yuan: 127 1-65438. Total number: 98 Ming Dynasty: A.D. 1368- 1644, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, total number: 277 Qing Dynasty: A.D. 19 12, Qing Taizu Aixinjue Luo Nurhachi, total number: 268.
The first thing the founder of each dynasty should do is to establish the name of the country, that is, the name of the dynasty, which is called the name of the dynasty for short. What determines the name of the dynasty? There are roughly five reasons: from the names of tribes and tribal alliances, from the original divinatory symbols and the titles of founders; Originated in the area ruled by the original regime of the founder; Originated from clan relationship; It means good luck.
Xia: According to legend, Yu was once blocked because people used to call his regime "Xia". According to the historian, Yu's son was called "Xia" only after he moved westward to Daxia (Fenyue area in the south of Shanxi), while Yan Shaokang restored the Xia Dynasty in Luncheng (now Yucheng west of Shangqiu, Henan) and resumed its rule, which was called "Shao Kang Zhongxing" in history.
Shang: According to legend, the ancestor of Shang clan helped Yu to control water, and was sealed by Shang (now south of Shangqiu, Henan), and later called his tribe (or tribe) by "Shang". At the end of the Tang Dynasty, "Shang" was the title of the country, and its capital was Bo (now Gushu Town, Shangqiu, Henan Province).
After Pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang, Henan), he was also called Yin or Yin Shang. Zhou: When Zhou people went to the ancient palace to pray, they moved to Qishan, Shaanxi.
After the Yin Dynasty was destroyed, Zhou was taken as the name of the dynasty. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, its capital was established in Gao (now southwest of Shaanxi), and then it was moved from Pingdong to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan). Because it is in the east of Gaozhi, it is called "Western Zhou" and "Eastern Zhou".
Qin: According to Records of the Historian, this is an ancient tribe. Its leader, Fei Zi, once made contributions to raising horses for Zhou, was given the surname of "Won" by Zhou, and owned a small piece of land (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province, also known as Longxiyu). Later, Xiang saved Zhou Yougong and was made a vassal. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the State of Qin.
Han: Xiang Yu named Liu Bang Hanwang, and his fief was in Hanzhong. After Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and unified China, the title was "Han".
Chang 'an was the capital of the early Han Dynasty, and Luoyang was the capital of the later Han Dynasty. Therefore, there are "Western Han Dynasty" and "Eastern Han Dynasty" in the capital, and "pre-Han Dynasty" and "post-Han Dynasty" in time. New: The meaning of "new" in Wang Mang's Chao (Ti): the original meaning of new is to change the old and update the old.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, under the domination of the theory of five virtues, a new virtue replaced the old one in social politics. In this context, Wang Mang claimed to be the spokesman of Xinde, "abolishing the Han Dynasty, prospering the king and abolishing Liu", and finally completed the process of "being ordered to replace the Han Dynasty". Han is a fire virtue, a soil virtue, and Wang Mang is a soil virtue, claiming to be "entrusted to the first emperor after being admitted to the Yellow Emperor". According to the principle that the five elements are mutually generated, the fire virtue is replaced by earth virtue, which is intended to be passed on from Chi Di to the Yellow Emperor by destiny.
Wei: Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty once named Cao Cao "Duke Wei" and "Wang Wei", and Cao Pi was called "Wei" after the Han Dynasty. Cao was given a title by the royal family and was also called "Cao Wei" in history.
Cao Cao, posthumous title and Wei Wudi. Shu (Han): Liu Bei takes Sichuan as his activity area, and Shu refers to Sichuan.
In 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, with the title of Han, which was called "Shu" or "Shu Han" in history, also known as "Han Ji". Wu: Sun Quan lives in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In history, when Wu was founded, Cao Wei named Sun Quan as "King of Wu", so it was called "Sun Wu" in history. Because it is located in the East, it is also called "Soochow".
Jin: Si Mazhao forced Wei Emperor to make him Duke of Jin, and after the destruction of Shu, he became King of Jin. Later, his son inherited his title, forcing Wei Emperor to abdicate and stand on his own feet as emperor, with the title of "Jin".
Sui: Yang Zhong, the father of Yang Jian, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, was once named "the successor to the country" by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Emperor Wendi later adopted this title, which was called "chasing the DPRK".
He thinks that the meaning of "go with you" may be changed to "follow", which is ominous. Tang: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan's grandfather was named "Duke Tang" for his contribution to Zhou Yougong, and his title was passed on to Li Yuan.
After the uprising in Taiyuan, Li Yuan claimed to be the "King of the Tang Dynasty", and later abandoned You Yang to build the Tang Dynasty. Liao: Liao was originally called "Qidan", and Qidan is a surname. Because of living in the upper reaches of Liaohe River, it was changed to "Liao".
Song Dynasty: After Emperor Gong succeeded to the throne in the later Zhou Dynasty, he was appointed as our ambassador to Germany. The German army was stationed in Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and was appointed as our ambassador to Songzhou. Therefore, after the mutiny, Chen Qiao made his fortune in Songzhou and was named "Song".
Xixia: Tuoba Sigong occupied Zhou Xia (now Hengshan County, Shaanxi Province) and named it "Daxia" after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Because in the west, the Song people called it "Xixia".
Jin: Jinducheng is located in Ning, Jing Hui (now Acheng South of Heilongjiang). According to legend, its aquatic products are gold, and the jurchen word is "gold", which means "pushing a tiger". Yuan: According to the History of Yuan Dynasty, the naming of Yuan was decided by Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu.
It is the "Yuan" in the sentence "Great Gan Yuan" in the Book of Changes, which means great and first. However, some people think it is related to Mongolian customs and totems, while others think it is related to Buddhism.
Ming: Zhu Yuanzhang was one of the insurgents at the end of Yuan Dynasty. He inherited Guo Zi.
5. The history of dictionaries: The ancient written books in China can be traced back to Shi Shuan Pian in the 8th century BC, and the oldest extant is You Shi's Ji Jiu Pian (BC 1 century), which is a kind of children's literacy textbook. Erya was written in the 3rd century BC in order of meaning. It is a word book that explains the meaning of words and arranges the names of things by classification. Yang Xiong Dialect is the first book to record dialects in China, which was written at the beginning of 1 century. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi was written in 100. It divides Chinese characters into 540 parts and interprets them according to the Six Books. Since the Han Dynasty, China's dictionary credits are ① classified literacy textbooks without annotations, ② classified dictionaries with annotations arranged according to meanings, ③ dictionaries arranged according to radicals and explaining the shapes, sounds and meanings of words, and ④ dialect vocabulary arranged according to meanings. Kangxi Dictionary officially compiled in Qing Dynasty,1716,47021word. The dictionaries published in recent decades are all arranged by radicals, and the most popular ones are Ci Yuan and Ci Hai. In addition, the Chinese Dictionary was published from 1986.
Please adopt
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