The method of tunnel warfare in tunnel warfare is developed from Ran Zhuang in Qingyuan, Baoding, Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region. From 194 1 year, from a single hiding place, it has become an underground fortification that can play, hide, waterproof, fireproof and antivirus, and has gradually become a "tunnel for every village and tunnel for every household". This kind of internal and external defense structure can enable all households to cooperate effectively and attack the enemy in a covert way, so that the Central Hebei Plain, which had no defense ability, has become an important combat area for China's military and civilians to fight against the Japanese aggressors.
The "tunnel warfare" during the Anti-Japanese War is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the broad masses of working people, and we can only use "high, really high!" To evaluate.
The recording and application of "tunnel warfare" began in the Warring States Period, and even reached the 2nd/kloc-0th century, and it was still used in the wars in the Middle East.
1
Warring States period
China's earliest record of tunnel warfare can be traced back to the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year). Mo Zhai clearly recorded in "Mozi Preparatory Cave" that if the enemy digs a tunnel to attack the city, the defenders should also take it straight to meet them, dig a tunnel in the direction of the enemy cave, and attack the enemy with the cave, thus destroying the enemy underground. It is also recorded that in order to know the enemy's cave situation in time, dogs were sent to the holes of various wells to "check the cave position and dig holes to meet the enemy". The ancient books not only recorded the methods of dealing with tunnel warfare, but also explained the reconnaissance methods of tunnel warfare.
From the Warring States to the Three Kingdoms period (220-280), there were new records about tunnel warfare. During the Three Kingdoms period, authentic records were used as many as nine times, such as the battle between Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu, the battle between Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan in the Book of Changes, the battle between Yuan Shao and Cao Cao in Guandu, the battle between Wargo and Jiang Wei in Chyi Yu, and the battle between Zhuge Liang and Zhao Hao in Chencang.
According to historical records, Cao Cao is good at fighting with tunnels. The famous Bozhou ancient tunnel is an underground military battle specially built by Cao Cao for military needs. Originally used to transport soldiers, it was later used for siege, retreat, liaison, ambush and anti-tunnel warfare.
In the following 1000 years, this method was adopted in almost all the siege wars in China. On the European continent, in the famous Battle of Constantinople (1453), Muhammad Ⅱ, faced with the situation that it could not be captured for a long time, also took the form of digging tunnels in an attempt to enter the city from under the moat and the city wall. The soldiers and civilians in Constantinople who guarded the city also adopted the same tactics as Mozi, taking the initiative to attack and annihilate the enemy in the tunnel.
2
Battle of arras (19 17)
The Battle of Aras was the largest tunnel war in the First World War, which was aimed at the Anglo-French allied forces with allies and the Germans with allies.
19 16 After the heavy casualties in the Battle of the Somme, the British and French allied forces learned a bloody lesson: confronting the German infantry division with excellent equipment and changeable tactics is tantamount to collective suicide. They changed their operational strategy and decided to dig a tunnel in arras to ambush an Indiana Jones underground army, which gave the Germans a fatal blow at a critical moment.
The plan will be implemented soon. In order to speed up the excavation, the British side hired 500 experienced miners from New Zealand Tunnel Company and formed an engineering team with a team of Yorkshire miners with an average height of only 5 feet 3 inches (about 1.6 meters). In just three months, a huge network of tunnels was excavated under the ground in arras.
The whole tunnel network consists of two "big mazes", each about 20 kilometers long and can accommodate 25,000 soldiers. The tunnel is not as narrow as people think. On the contrary, the two troops can walk freely, and even railway supplies can be laid in the widest place. After the excavation, people immediately established restaurants, churches, gas stations, light rail and other ancillary facilities, as well as well as well-equipped battlefield hospitals.
The Alasi Tunnel was completed in 19 17, and the British and French Allied Command decided to launch a counterattack on Easter 19 17. Under the command of British Marshal douglas haig, 25,000 soldiers began to secretly enter this huge "underground city", ready to wait for an opportunity. Tens of meters above their heads, German soldiers were as alert as dogs, but they didn't realize the underground situation.
After the soldiers waited for more than a week, 19 17 at 5: 30 in the morning of April 9, the third assault division of the British army issued an attack signal. Subsequently, several allied detachments rushed out of the ground from the designated exit in an orderly manner, miraculously appeared under the eyes of the enemy, and launched a surprise attack on the German Second and Sixth Infantry Divisions stationed in Arras. That day, it rained heavily and the wind was biting. Under the cover of heavy mortar fire, the allied forces successfully entered the German camp. The panicked Germans didn't expect the British and French allied forces to suddenly appear less than a mile away from them. They didn't even have time to change their boots, and some even became prisoners in their pajamas.
In this campaign, the British and French allied forces won a great victory, defeated the German army with small casualties of more than 1000, and successfully pushed the front forward 10 kilometers. Paris behind them was safe from now on, and the tunnel warfare of Alastair became a classic battle in the world military history.
After World War I, people rebuilt the town of Aras. The new residents wanted to forget all the wounds left by the war, so the municipal authorities closed the "underground city". During the Second World War, some residents in the town who knew about the existence of the "underground city" revived it as an underground bunker to protect people from air strikes. But when World War II ended, the tunnel was closed again.
It is not difficult to find that the tunnel warfare during the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms period and the history of more than a thousand years after that, including the First World War, were mostly used to transport soldiers. Simply put, it means "build a paved road and hide the darkness", which is very different from the tunnel warfare in Jizhong Plain during the Anti-Japanese War.
three
Pacific War (194 1 year-1945)
After the Pacific War, Japan and the United States fought fiercely in Palau and the Philippines in the Pacific Ocean, and both sides paid a huge price. For example, in the battle of Peleliu Island in Palau, the 2nd Wing of the elite Japanese 14 division (more than 10000) was completely annihilated, and the US Marine Corps 1 division suffered more than 8,000 casualties, which was the highest casualty rate for both sides in the entire Pacific War. The Japanese army "educated" by tunnel warfare in the central Hebei plain used tunnel warfare to resist American attacks.
After the Battle of Palau, the U.S. military decided to skip Taiwan Province Province and directly seize Okinawa, thus reducing the number of landing operations on the enemy's well-defended islands. At this time, the Japanese army dispatched Lieutenant General Maniu Island to take over the 32nd Army of the Japanese Army, mainly responsible for the task of defending Okinawa. According to the fact that the enemy is strong and we are weak, and the support is unfavorable, Lieutenant General Yasuhara Botong, a senior staff officer of the 32 nd Army, suggested using the terrain to fight guerrilla warfare and tunnel warfare with the US military.
After the battle of Okinawa started, it quickly became white-hot and the fighting was extremely fierce. In the initial battle, the Japanese army adopted the strategic plan of Hakuhara Broadcom and Niushimaman, relying on solid tunnels and caves to defend their positions. Changed hands 10 times in one day, and the most elite sixth division of the US Army suffered more than 3,000 casualties.
In the face of Japanese troops hiding in fortresses and underground, Americans tried their best to make full use of flamethrowers and bulldozers, but there were still many cold shots coming from nowhere.
It can be seen that Okinawa's tactics of using tunnel warfare are very successful. However, the arrogant Japanese are not satisfied with simply resisting the American attack, but hope to annihilate the American troops in Okinawa.
Just when the American army was at a loss in Okinawa, Lieutenant General Chang Yong of the 32nd Army proposed a new operational plan to Niushima Man, suggesting that the 32nd Army rushed out of the cave and entered the position of the American army, so as to annihilate the arrogant American army in one fell swoop and serve the emperor with great kindness. Lieutenant General Chang Yong can be said to be one of the representatives of pig teammates in World War II. Finally, after discussion at the staff meeting, the plan was passed. Of course, Colonel Yasuhara Botong raised objections at the staff meeting, but this did not change the final result.
Under the planning of Chang Yong and others, the Japanese army rushed out of the cave and took the initiative to attack. The result can be imagined. In the end, Okinawa was full of Japanese bodies.
four
Vietnam War (1955 to 1975)
In the Vietnam War, which started on 1955, the Vietnamese army also used "tunnel warfare" to make the US military suffer. Both North Vietnam and Vietnam * * * laid a sophisticated tunnel network under the city, and relied on this network structure to attack the US military, resulting in huge casualties of the US military. Among them, the large tunnel works are several kilometers long and can't touch the edge. Even until the end of the Vietnam War, the US military did not find out how many tunnels the Vietnamese army had dug.
There are forests all over Vietnam, with tall trees and bamboo as building materials and low shrubs and vines as cover. Local laterite and clay are also suitable for tunnel excavation, and local materials can be used. As for the materials seized from the US military, it is even richer, including various metal plates, ammunition cans, nylon tarpaulins, sandbags and so on.
Although tunnel warfare has achieved good results in Vietnam, even some huge tunnel systems have underground operation rooms, commander's special offices, movie rooms and ammunition factory facilities, but North Vietnamese soldiers and civilians still paid a heavy price.
The inner passage of the tunnel is low, basically bending forward or squatting. Living in a tunnel has to face a narrow space, thin air and dark and humid environment for a long time, so many people suffer from claustrophobia. At the same time, all kinds of domestic garbage and even excrement can not be treated in time in the tunnel, and all kinds of insects carry germs to spread in the tunnel. There are about 16000 people in the largest Guzhi tunnel, but less than 6000 people survived the war.
For the us military, the method of counterattack is also simple and rude. On the one hand, it is to directly blast with explosives or pour water into the tunnel, suffocate people with tear gas, or inject gas and then detonate with rocket launchers. Even in flat areas, tanks can be used to collapse tunnels. On the other hand, sending people into the tunnel. For the US military, it was a terrible thing to enter the dark tunnel, and even a special tunnel combat force was set up later.
five
"Anti-terrorism" War after "911Terrorist Attack"
Whether it is really anti-terrorism or real robbery under the banner of anti-terrorism is not the focus of this article. However, because the US military entered Afghanistan in the name of fighting terrorists, it quickly wiped out all the resistance organizations in Afghanistan, and the remaining Taliban militants in Afghanistan began to move the battlefield, turn the war underground or hide in the mountains, so the United States began guerrilla warfare.
In the 1980s, in order to resist the invasion of the former Soviet Union, Afghanistan spent millions of dollars to build underground bunkers, and used natural caves and ancient underground irrigation canals to build its own underground bunkers. These caves and tunnels crisscross like a maze.
It can be seen that "tunneling" has become a familiar thing for the Afghan people. The Taliban and Al Qaeda rely on underground bunkers to prevent missile attacks by the US military. Compared with Vietnam, the tunnel structure in Afghanistan is very simple, mainly used to store weapons and materials or hide combatants. Although the structure of the tunnel is simple, there is no lighting inside, it is dark and full of traps and bombs. High-tech equipment, such as night vision equipment of the U.S. military, will not play much advantage in the tunnel. Faced with this unknown environment, neither the US military nor the Afghan government forces are willing to enter.
A British soldier on a mission in Afghanistan once entered the tunnel alone and killed four militants with only one pistol. When he came back, he was not only rewarded, but also called the king of special forces. However, he himself said that his diving into the underground hole was the scariest thing in his life. You know, this British soldier is from the S.A.S (Special Air Force) Special Air Force and is one of the most elite special forces in the world.
In addition to Afghanistan, we also encountered tunnel warfare in the American invasion of Iraq. Some experts even say that tunnel warfare will be the last battle of the Iraq war. Of course, for many reasons, this did not happen.
In the face of this tunnel structure like a rabbit's nest, it may take several years for the US military to truly annihilate its opponents.
In addition to the tunnel warfare encountered by the US military in Afghanistan, tunnel warfare is often used in the Palestinian-Israeli war. At present, the United States suspects that there are thousands of tunnels in North Korea, even on the US-Mexico border, and even Mexican drug dealers and illegal immigrants are desperately digging tunnels.
References:
Sohu: Known as the "God of War", a little-known Japanese colonel, 70,000 Americans were injured in World War I..
Netease: On the Pacific battlefield, the Japanese army wiped out nearly 10,000 American troops with "tunnel warfare"?
Sohu: Revealing the Secret: A schematic diagram of the Vietnam tunnel warfare trap that killed American soldiers!
Reference News Network: Underground City Excavated by British Miners during the Alas Tunnel War in France.
Baidu: Why can Afghanistan delay the US military 10 year?