Basic introduction
Chinese name: mbth, east indies: east indies alias: Spice Islands Name: History, geographical location, land, residents, economy and history of main products of Spice. /kloc-In the 5th century, some kingdoms influenced by Indian culture appeared in Sumatra, Java and Borneo, which rose and declined one after another. 14-15th century, Islam was introduced from the Middle East and India. Malacca in Malaya was not only the entrepot trade center of the region, but also the center of Islam. /kloc-In the 6th century, Europeans began to colonize Malacca. 15 1 1 year, the Portuguese occupied Malacca and were expelled by the Dutch. Although the British tried to intervene in the dispute in east indies, they finally fell under the control of the Dutch and left Timor to the Portuguese. During World War II, the Japanese replaced the European colonists, which stimulated the growth of nationalism and the birth of new countries after the war: Indonesia (1949), Malaysia (1963), Papua New Guinea (1975) and Brunei (1984). Located in east indies, most of the islands in the Malay Archipelago, it lies between the Asian continent (southeast) and Australia (northwest) and extends over 6 100 km (3,800 miles) along the equator. Include Borneo, Celebes, Java, New Guinea and Sumatra. Politically, it includes Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and sometimes Papua New Guinea and the Philippines. Historically, the regional concept of "East India" is relatively loose, which is applicable to Indonesia (the former Dutch East India) and Malay Archipelago (the Philippines belongs to this archipelago), and can also be extended to the whole Southeast Asia and India. The land east indies separates the Indian Ocean (south) from the Pacific Ocean (north and east), and the terrain can be divided into two different parts: the continental shelf covering Sumatra, Borneo, Java and some New Guinea Islands; The islands between Bali and Borneo in the west and Aru and East New Guinea in the east are newly folded submarine mountains. The core of this region in east indies is the Sunda Platform, on which is the shallow sea, also called sunda shelf, which is a stable block extending from the Southeast Asian continent. The adjacent Sahur continental shelf, New Guinea and its affiliated islands are part of this continental shelf and an extension of the Australian mainland. Around this core, the rest areas were gradually formed by a series of continuous folding movement on the outer edge of the continental shelf, and a more intense and extensive orogenic curtain occurred in Mesozoic. There are more than 200 volcanoes scattered throughout the region, of which about 70 volcanoes have erupted in Indonesia in the past 150 years. During the four ice ages, rivers flowed on the continental shelf, and animals and ancient humans at that time could cross here through land bridges. /kloc-When the ice sheet melted 0/7000 years ago, a part of sunda shelf was submerged, and mountains and higher places became islands or peninsulas submerged in shallow water. The topography of the islands in this area is based on rugged mountains and covered with volcanic belts. Many volcanic cones are 3000 meters high (10000 _). In various parts of the stable sunda shelf, the hillside has been weathered for a long time and the outline is gentle; However, the mountainous terrain in unstable areas is very irregular. Some islands have wide estuaries, while many shallow coastal areas, such as the east coast of Sumatra, the west coast and south coast of Borneo and the southwest coast of New Guinea, have large marshes, which are uninhabitable all the year round. Central and eastern Java, northern Sumatra and parts of lesser sunda islands have a large population, because they are located in alluvial plains and have good drainage. The mountainous terrain of the archipelago, coupled with abundant annual rainfall, makes short and steep rivers highly erosive. Rivers on the continental shelf islands eroded and deposited it in the surrounding shallow seas, rapidly forming vast plains and deltas. These lowland rivers are very long, such as Muxi River in Sumatra, Kapuas River and Baritaud River in Borneo, sepik river River and Frye River in New Guinea. Between the two continental shelves, islands that rise steeply from the deep sea have no chance to produce coastal plains and deltas around the deep sea. Flat lowlands are limited, and rivers are generally short and steep. The soil in this area is quite complicated. The soil in the volcanic belt and its derived alluvium are very rich, such as Central Java and East Java, parts of Sumatra and scattered places on Celebes Island. Latosol is produced in Malaya, Borneo and other islands with stable sunda shelf. For agriculture, the soil is barren, and sometimes it can't be used at all. On the Indonesian Island on the edge of sunda shelf, there is a vast coastal swamp, and dead plants accumulate on the surface of the swamp, which makes the originally useless land have potential fertility. East indies is located in the tropics, between the latitudes of 10 on both sides of the equator, with a high temperature, with an average annual temperature of 27℃(80_). The annual temperature difference on the equator is only a few degrees, and the farther away from the equator, the temperature difference gradually increases. The change of temperature is also influenced and regulated by the nearby ocean. The factor affecting climate change in Malacca is precipitation. Annual rainfall varies from 8130mm (320_) on windward slopes in Sumatra and Java to less than 500mm (20_) in rain shadow areas in western Sulawesi and lesser sunda islands. The average annual rainfall of most islands is over 2000 mm (80_), and it is evenly distributed throughout the year. However, from Central Java to all lesser sunda islands in the east, the annual rainfall is gradually decreasing and the dry season is prolonged. Another climate change factor is typhoons, which blow more than 20 typhoons from the southwest Pacific to the west and north in July and 10 every year. In most parts of east indies, heavy rain and high temperature cause plants to grow rapidly, and the population is rich all year round. Rain-fed areas are covered with tropical evergreen rainforests, while semi-deciduous monsoon forest, including teak and eucalyptus, mainly grows seasonally in arid areas. Other forest types are coastal forest (mangrove, water coconut, pandanus), swamp forest and mountain forest. There are more than 0/50 kinds of palm/kloc, including coconut, sugar palm, sago palm and betel nut. Bamboo is distributed in the whole area. A large area of natural forests has been repeatedly reclaimed by human cultivation, mainly producing imperata. East indies has the richest flora in the world, with more than 30,000 species of trees, shrubs and grasses belonging to more than 2,500 known families. Most of the population is the result of abundant rainfall, long growing period, different topography and complicated environment, and it is also the comprehensive formation of east indies as a land bridge between Asia and Australia. Animals and plants from two continents are mixed together on these islands. The fauna of the Malay archipelago is also quite rich, but there are not many large animals. Elephants, tigers, rhinoceroses, bison, tapirs and apes all belong to Asian species. The uneven distribution of fauna in sunda shelf Islands indicates the connection or separation of these islands in different geological periods. The Australian fauna, kangaroo, is found in New Guinea. Other marsupials are distributed on the continental shelf of Husha Lake, as far away as Timor Island and Celebes Island. Some islands between the two islands have endemic species, such as dwarf buffalo and giant lizard on Komodo Island (near [Flores]) in lesser sunda islands. These islands may have the richest insects and birds in the world, and they are also more widely distributed, especially the pincers, giant butterflies, colorful birds of paradise, handsome peacock pheasants and colorful cockatoos. East indies's main residents seem to have immigrated from Southeast Asia and the South Asian continent. Among the original inhabitants of this area, there are Negros, also known as blacks. They were replaced or absorbed by the original Malays who began to enter China from the Asian continent about 4,000 years ago. The original Malays brought rice planting and livestock raising skills. In the 3rd century BC, Malays from Southeast Asia came one after another all over Indonesia and the Philippines. Then they were driven out of the Asian continent (except Malay Peninsula) or absorbed by the following ethnic groups, such as Khmer Rouge, Thailand and Myanmar. Malays in east indies later mixed with Arabs, Indians and China on a small scale. East indies residents speak many languages, belonging to Malay-Porini West Asian language family, also known as Austronesian language family. The multi-culture of modern residents is mainly the result of the cultural functions of Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism. Economic agriculture in this area is the main economic activity in this area. Most of the residents are farmers, who directly or indirectly make a living from agriculture, and the agricultural economy is diverse. Most farmers are self-sufficient rice farmers, planting rice, and sometimes taking corn, taro or cassava as the staple food. In this area, rice intensive planting areas appear in fertile alluvial soil of river valleys, deltas and coastal swamps, while small farmers also grow cash crops such as sugarcane, dried coconut, spices, rubber, tobacco and plant fiber. Plantations in east indies produce high-value export products, such as rubber, palm oil, sisal, quinine and tea, as well as coffee, tobacco and dried coconut. Farmers in mountainous areas grow rice and corn on high slopes. The scale of animal husbandry is small, except for the eastern islands of Indonesia, which are rarely raised in large groups. Generally, the big livestock that are often raised are buffalo and yellow cattle, and using animals to pull plows is the foundation of agriculture in this area. Forests provide valuable resources, such as wood, resin, rattan and other forest products. Timber exports are particularly important to the underdeveloped economies of Borneo and Sumatra. Although the region is not one of the largest trading groups in the world; But it accounts for more than half of global natural rubber exports, and tin exports are about 1/3. Only 1/7 of Indonesia's GDP comes from manufacturing, and other countries account for 10%_25%. Rural industries include primary processing of rubber and palm oil, small-scale rice milling and brick and tile industry. Urban industries include large-scale rice milling, secondary processing of rubber, tin smelting and textile, as well as manufacturing glass, soap, cigarettes and other consumer goods. Sunda shelf, where most local areas are located, is one of the highly metallogenic belts in the world, rich in tin, gold, copper, zinc, silver, lead, iron, manganese, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum and tungsten, as well as limestone, fluorite, kaolin, gypsum, marl, silica sand and salt. After World War II, countries became independent one after another, which not only strengthened the traditional mining industry, but also developed various minerals that were not widely exploited in the past, such as oil, natural gas, iron ore, bauxite, nickel and copper. Oil mines are located in Brunei and East Borneo, while bauxite and nickel are produced in Indonesia. Mineral development affects the local landscape and promotes the development of cities and transportation.
What is the process and characteristics of the Dutch East India Company's colonial invasion of east indies? First, the golden age
1602, the Netherlands * * * established the "United East India Company" with China, granting it the privilege of monopolizing Asian trade, breaking the Portuguese monopoly on Asian spices and ushering in a golden age in the history of the Netherlands.
The period from the end of 16 to the beginning of 17 is a period of rapid development of Dutch trade. Overseas trading companies have mushroomed, and the number of ships sent to Asia for spice trade is increasing every year.
However, these commercial trading companies regard each other as competitors, which not only raises the purchase price of spices imported from Southeast Asia, but also suppresses the sales price in Europe, which is not worth the candle. In order to reduce this internal friction, the Dutch authorities issued a decree in 1602 and established the "United East India Company". Since then, Dutch commercial companies have joined forces with each other.
What is the relationship between East India and India? India is a part of East India. India and Malay Archipelago in South Asia are called "East India".
East indies is the most part of the Malay Archipelago, which lies between the Asian continent (southeast) and Australia (northwest). Therefore, the Malay Archipelago is also called east indies. After Dutch colonists invaded and occupied present-day Indonesia and became colonies, they called it East India.
Spice Islands is a general term for the spice-rich islands in Southeast Asia by European countries around15th century. It shows that the desire of Europeans for oriental spicy materials at that time was one of the reasons that led to the great voyage era (geographical discovery).
Related concepts:
"India is India, why is it called East India? The origin of the word' East India' is that when Columbus discovered America, he mistook America for India. Later, European countries directly referred to the islands between the North and South American continents as the West Indies, and this side (India and Malay Islands) was called east indies. "
Su Qi said that the word "East India" reflects a western vision, that is, I have the right to name, and I know and rename the world from my own perspective. "
The word "company" also has rich connotations. "When the East India Company was founded, we were in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. At that time, the names of private commercial organizations were' commercial society' and' industrial and commercial bank', and the word company clearly reflected the characteristics of capitalism. "
Behind the establishment and operation of the East India Company is the support of the royal family. At first, it was directly funded by the royal family, and later it was chartered by the royal family to set up a company. The royal family also demanded it back. This is a fully capitalized operation process.