Manchu respects the elderly at home, demanding three days of small peace and five days of peace. Please pay tribute. Men have "greetings", "beating a thousand children", "kowtowing" and "greetings". Women kowtow like men, there are three, six and nine, but they don't stand up and hang their hands. In normal communication, men "hug and greet" and "pass by"; Women do "hand-holding ceremony" and "hand-raising ceremony". Manchu people avoid hurting crows, magpies and dogs, and have the custom of respecting crows, magpies and dogs. Manchu ancestors practiced cremation. During the Qianlong period, due to the gradual quelling of the war and the influence of the Han nationality, cremation was turned into burial.
recreational activities
The most traditional festival of Manchu is the Golden Reward Festival, which is the tenth day of the tenth lunar month. 1635 10 13, Huang taiji issued a decree to abolish the old surname of nuzhen and take Manchuria as the surname. Now this day has become the anniversary of Manchu naming, and "giving money" means "birth" and "vitality" in Manchu. Most other festivals are the same as those of the Han nationality, but the specific forms are different.
Xinjiang Manchu inherited the tradition of ancestor hunting. Every autumn and winter, the officers and men stationed in the Eight Banners hold the tradition of hunting. Every autumn and winter, the officers and men stationed in the Eight Banners hold hunting, which is called "encirclement and suppression". It is not only a production activity, but also a sports activity and military training project. Other recreational activities include kicking the head, pulling sudra, changing nervousness, running around the city, and the eagle catching chickens.
Manchu has a long history, which can be traced back to Sushen people more than two thousand years ago. Sushen people are the earliest ancestors of Manchu. It was called "Lou" in the Han Dynasty, "Don't be lucky" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, "Dead-end Revolution" and "Left Revolution" in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and "Jurchen" in the Liao, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Long-term living in the vast areas east of Changbai Mountain, Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins. /kloc-In the late 6th century, Nurhachi rose, and some Han Chinese, Mongols, Koreans and Jurchen merged as the main body, forming a new isomorphism-Manchu.
Manchu has its own language and writing. Manchu belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Manchu is created at the end of 16 with reference to Mongolian letters. Later, we added "circle" and "dot" to the borrowed Mongolian letters, which is called "Manchu with circle and dot" or "New Manchu". Since the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Manchu people moved to the Central Plains, and had close contacts with the Han people in economy, culture and life, and Manchu people gradually used Chinese.
Manchu is mainly engaged in agriculture. Most Manchu people living in scattered cities are engaged in industry and cultural science. In the long historical development process, Manchu compatriots have made important contributions to the establishment of the motherland and the development of culture.
Mangshi song and dance
Manchu is also a nation that can sing and dance well in history. Manchu ancestors in Sui Dynasty (Ge Mo) and (Zuo Ge Xie Zuo) sent envoys to Chang 'an to meet Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. "Gao Zu (Wendi) spared no effort to make the banquet, and the messenger and his disciples danced it, full of twists and turns." The descendants of Nuzhen (Mo Ge) and (Zuo Ge Xie Zuo) have this custom: when a woman comes of age, she should sing about her life experience, beauty and skills in order to find a partner. After the rise of Nurhachi, he also inherited the tradition of Manchu song and dance. During festivals, celebrations, wedding banquets, explorations, victories, birthdays, sacrifices, etc. We should like singing and dancing, among which "mangshi Dance" is the most representative. This kind of folk dance mostly dances on New Year's Eve and festive days, with one sleeve on the forehead and one sleeve on the back, hovering and posing, dancing in pairs, and some people clap their hands and sing with drums. After entering the court, mangshi Dance changed from a self-entertainment dance to a performance celebration dance, renamed Qinglong Dance, with spectacular scenes and grand scale. There are often more than 60 musicians, 65,438+03 singers and 58 dancers playing pipa, sanxian, Xiqin and Zheng. There are strict rules on clothing, such as wearing azurite robe and leopard fur coat when accompanying, embroidered robe and leopard fur coat when accompanying, yellow lacquer fur coat, black sheep fur coat and royal clothing when accompanying. Wearing masks, riding horses and shooting. This dance evolved from Manchu hunting and military career. In addition, there are Savage Dance, Li Fen Aunt Dance, Boy Dance, Yangko Dance and Shaman Dance.
Manchu folk songs are also colorful, including labor songs, folk songs, folk songs, children's game songs, love songs and so on. Manchu people grew up in the song of riding a car sung by their mother. "Babu wow, Russia! Yo-yo, Babu wow ... "This song has been passed down from generation to generation and is a household name. Manchu folk songs are also very distinctive. For example, the "official blowing" on the way to the wedding banquet, the happy song "Pull Up" sung in the wedding ceremony, the mourning in the funeral ceremony and a large number of sacrificial songs are all very touching. Most Manchu folk songs are pentatonic, with concise structure, smooth melody and sincere feelings.
Up to now, in remote Manchu inhabited areas such as Aihui, traditional folk songs and dances with rich national characteristics are still preserved. At the same time, this splendid cultural heritage has also received attention. After excavation and arrangement, bold space dance has re-entered the stage and created a new era of Manchu dance art.
Talking about cheongsam
Cheongsam is one of the modern popular clothes and enjoys a high reputation in the international clothing window. Cheongsam evolved from ancient Manchu costumes. Qipao is called "Yi Jie" in Manchu. In ancient times, it generally referred to the clothes worn by men and women in Manchuria, Mongolia and the Eight Banners of the Han Army.
There are several characteristics in the clothing styles in the early Qing dynasty: collarless, arrow sleeves, left slit, four slit and waist-binding. Arrow sleeve is a kind of narrow sleeve, the sleeve head is semicircular, shaped like a horseshoe, also known as "horseshoe sleeve". Horseshoe sleeves are raised on weekdays and put down during hunting to cover the back of the hand, which can keep out the cold in winter. Four slits, that is, the hem of the robe is slit to the knee. Left leg and waist, tight and warm, a waist belt, when walking pigs, you can put dry food and utensils in front. Men's robes are mostly blue, gray and cyan; Women's flags are mostly white. Another feature of Manchu cheongsam is that the waist is closed on the cheongsam coat. The vest has a pair of lapels, a twisted lapel, a pipa lapel and a straight lapel. Wear a vest and ride a horse. It's smart and neat.
Manchu moved south to Liaoning and Shenyang, and after entering the Central Plains, they joined the Han nationality. Influenced by the Han nationality's "big collar and big sleeves" costumes, they changed from arrow sleeves to trumpet sleeves, and four slits evolved into left and right slits. In 1930s, Manchu men and women wore straight long-sleeved robes. Women's cheongsam hem to (left bone and right torso) (calf), embroidered with floral patterns. Men's cheongsam hem and ankle, no decoration. After the 1940s, due to the impact of new fashion at home and abroad, Manchu men's cheongsam was abandoned. Abandoning women's cheongsam from wide sleeves to narrow sleeves, straight tube to tight waist, slightly larger hips, and recycling hem and ankle length have gradually formed various cheongsam styles that pay attention to color decoration and the beauty of human body lines. Because cheongsam is very suitable for China women's figure, virtuous personality and national temperament, this traditional dress originated from Manchu has gradually become a treasure house of China national culture, which is favored and appreciated by women at home and abroad.
Flavor bobo
Bobo is the main food of Manchu people in peacetime and festivals. This cake is made of glutinous rice. There are bean flour cakes, bean leaf cakes and sticky cakes. Bean flour cake is made by grinding rice and millet into fine powder, then adding soybean powder and steaming. This cake is golden yellow, sticky and delicious. Su Ye Hele is made of sticky sorghum batter and bean paste, and then wrapped with Su Ye and steamed. It has a special aroma and a unique flavor of perilla leaves. Sticky cakes and cakes are soaked in rhubarb rice and ground into flour. Add some bean paste in the middle of the yellow wheat and steam. This kind of cake can be fried or dipped in sugar. Sweet and fragrant.
Manchu cakes are very resistant to hunger, easy to carry and unique in flavor, and they are still quite popular foods.
Sour soup is also a traditional food of Manchu. It is made from corn flour by fermentation. First, soak the corn in water and grind it into water, then use a cloth bag to remove residue, and put the water into a barrel for fermentation. When it is sour, squeeze it into noodles with a funnel or machine and cook it. Sometimes the fermentation is too large and slightly sour, so it is also called "smelly rice". It is called "left fire and right fork" in Liaoning. There is also a "left fire and right fork" branch in the urban and rural areas of Northeast China, which specializes in "smelly rice".
Saqima is a famous Manchu pastry in China. Its predecessor is the traditional Manchu pastry-rubbing bags. To make dough, first put the steamed rice on a cake-beating stone and beat it repeatedly with a wooden hammer, then dip it in soybeans and rub it into strips, fry it and cut it into pieces, and then serve with a thick layer of cooked soybeans. Rubbing cakes was an important sacrifice of Manchu in the past, so it was also called "beating cakes and peony strips". Later, when the cooked bean flour was replaced by white sugar, it became a "sugar bag" and was renamed Saqima. People also call it icing cake. This kind of cake has good color, fragrance, taste and shape, and is deeply loved by people.
There are many kinds of Manchu cakes, each with its own characteristics. Golden steamed buns, crispy fried dumplings, soft muddy cakes, and exquisite big pots of cakes. In addition, there are golden silk cakes, sun cakes, cold cakes, wine cakes, spring cakes and so on, all of which are traditional Manchu flavors.
The custom of becoming a monk
Manchu called the birth of a baby "becoming an outlaw". When a woman is in labor, she sweeps the kang, puts a stone on it, puts some straw on the kang, and gives birth to a child on the grass, so it is called "becoming an outlaw". This custom has a strong primitive and rough tradition of hunting nations. Hay can protect against moisture and cold.
If the baby is a boy, a wooden bow and arrow will be hung at the front door of the house, commonly known as "childe arrow". This is not a real bow and arrow, but a bow made of branches wrapped in red cloth and three arrows. I wish the child a good rider and shooter when he grows up and becomes famous. If the baby is a girl, a red cloth is hung on the right side of the gate to symbolize good luck. Hanging red cloth strips gradually evolved into the symbol of delivery room. No one is allowed to break into the delivery room, because strangers will take the milk away. This is called "milk collection". If a stranger accidentally intrudes, he will make a bowl of soup and send it. This is called "returning milk". When a child is born, you should first invite a person with great ability, good personality and good looks to the delivery room. This is called "stepping on life". It is said that when a child grows up, whoever steps on it looks like him.
On the third day after the child was born, please ask a prestigious old lady to bathe the child. Bathing is carried out in a large copper basin filled with Sophora branches, mugwort leaves and hot water. The old lady held the child in one hand and bathed the child in the other. Singing while washing: "Wash your hair and be a prince; Wash your waist, each generation is taller than the next; Wash your face, be a magistrate, wash your ditch, and be a magistrate. " Finally, the old lady hit the baby three times with an onion and said, "One dozen is clever, two dozen are clever, and three dozen are bright." After the fight, the father threw onions at the house and relatives and friends celebrated together.
After the child's full moon, put the "Gongzi Arrow" and the red cloth hanging on the door back to their original places, tie it on the child's rope, and put it in the child's bag on the north side of the middle of the Western Wall, next to which the "Buddha Mother" is enshrined, which is the baby-protecting god. Every spring and autumn, Manchu families have to offer sacrifices to the Buddha mother for blessing. When offering sacrifices, pull the children and grandchildren from the shrine to the willow branches in the yard. Unmarried men and women in the family and women with children bow down before the case, and everyone bows down. Shaman dipped willow branches in water and sprinkled them on children's heads, so that children could smoke them in front of incense trays to drive away evil spirits. Then he took the colorful threads off the children's ropes and put them around the children's necks. Three days later, take the colorful thread back and store it in the child's schoolbag. Because multicolored thread is called "sewing thread", this custom is called "changing lock".
Riding leisurely after the full moon is a traditional way for Manchu people. Scooters are made of thin wooden boards, 2 meters long, 1. 5 meters wide, round at both ends, bottomed and boat-shaped. Tie the child to the beam with four ropes, at a certain distance from the ground, and put the child in the recreational vehicle. It is very light for a baby to cry and shake if it doesn't cry. Mom can also do some housework. The Manchu family gave birth to the first boy, and the leisure car was given by grandma's family.
In order to prevent the child from falling off the recreational vehicle, and considering that the archery arm is straight and the position of the riding leg is correct when the child grows up, the child's elbow, leg knee and ankle are tied with a belt, so that the child can only lie on his back. Therefore, Manchu teenagers are physically strong and rarely bend over. Manchu people regard flat head as beauty, so they usually put millet or sorghum as pillows under their children's heads, commonly known as "sleeping flat head".