Russian literature, an ancient literature, is of the same origin as Ukrainian and Belarusian literature. It originated at the turn of the10th century and10th century after Russia decided Christianity as the state religion in Kiev in 988. From then until the beginning of17th century, civil strife in Russia from abroad continued, which affected the development of literature. There are some works, most of which are works combining religion and history. Only Igor's expedition, written by an anonymous author at the end of 12, tells the story of Igor, Grand Duke of Novgorod-Cherville, who went south alone in 1 185 and was captured and finally returned to China. It runs through the idea of unity and resistance, and is comparable to Roland's song in France and Germany in content and skill.
/kloc-Since the middle of the 0/7th century, Russian literature has been gradually enriched due to the formation of the all-Russian market and the development of international cultural exchanges. The chief priest Avakum (1620 or 162 1 ~ 1682) and the court poet Simeon Poloczki (1628 ~ 1680) showed the new development of religious literature. There are also secular legends that reflect social life and have democratic tendencies, such as the legend of Goree-Zlo Ciaschi, the legend of Sava Grotzen, the legend of Frol Skobeyev, the court story of Xie Mijak and the story of sea bass.
/kloc-Russian literature in the 0 th/8 th century took the social reform of czar Peter I as an opportunity, and classicism, which opposed conservatism and ignorance and publicized enlightened monarchs and enlightenment thoughts, dominated. Its main representatives are lomonosov (1711~1765), the tragic writer Su marov (17 17 ~ 1777) and satirical magazines. There are satirical court poet Jerchavin (1763 ~ 18 16) and Feng Weixin (1744 ~ 1792), the author of the famous satirical drama Wan Ying Teenager.
At the end of 18, influenced by English, German and French literature, aristocratic writer karamzin (1766 ~ 1826) and revolutionary Rajshev (1749 ~ 1802) broke the taboo of classical aesthetics and introduced the image of the lower class into literature. The former's novels describe the love tragedy of ordinary young men and women, while the latter expresses the sufferings and indignation of farmers with his "travel notes" from Petersburg to Moscow. Their styles are quite different, but they are all characterized by rendering the tragic inner feelings of the protagonist, marking the rise of Russian sentimental literature; At that time, Dmitrieff (1760 ~ 1837) and his poetry creation also belonged to this school.
/kloc-the literature of the 0/9th century was influenced by the rising national consciousness and social unrest caused by the victory of 18 12 in the anti-Napoleonic war. Russian literature changed rapidly at the beginning of the19th century, with the nature of transition between the old and the new. Although krylov's fables and Gerry Bao Ye's comedies (1795 ~ 1829) follow the classical poetic norms, the social conflicts, plots, images and vivid language in Russia have distinct realistic features. Sentimentalism was quickly replaced by romanticism; The poems of zhukovsky and Bachu Skov (1787 ~ 1855) were born out of karamzin, pursuing inner freedom and harmony, showing a pessimistic and secluded mood; The poems and novels of December Party members, such as Ryliyev (1795 ~ 1826) and Malinschi (1797 ~ 1837), have more inherited Rajshev's tradition and permeated with revolutionary ideas of opposing tyranny and striving for freedom.
From the mid-1920s in 19, due to the failure of the aristocratic revolution in 1825 and the strengthening of the autocratic serfdom, romanticism in Russian literature quickly gave way to realism, which emphasized the calm and objective observation and description of life and demanded the creation of typical characters in typical environments. Pushkin was originally an active romantic poet. Together with the December Party members, he later created a large number of realistic dramas, novels and poems, so he was honored as the father of modern Russian literature. Later, lermontov was a romantic poet at first, and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol also kept a romantic temperament from romanticism, but the novel Contemporary Hero of the former and the drama and novel of the latter were serious realistic works. They further enriched and consolidated Pushkin's realistic art from psychoanalysis and humor and satire. Belinsky, a critic, laid a solid theoretical foundation for realism (then called naturalism) by analyzing and commenting on the creation of these three writers, and made it the mainstream of Russian literature for more than half a century. Since then, herzen, Goncharov, Turgenev, Necrasov, Dostoevsky, ostrovsky, Saltikoff-Schederin, Tolstoy and Chekhov have all emerged as world-class novelists, poets and dramatists. At that time, there were also critical works by Dube Rovnov and Pisarev, poems by Chutchev, Krizov and Nifeng, novels and close-ups by Pisemsky, Grigorovic, Leskov, Gerhard Usbinski, etc.
Tolstoy's romantic poems and novels, Fett (1820 ~ 1892) and Drujinin (1824 ~ 1864) are famous in Russian literature in the middle and late 9th century, but their achievements and influences are far from reality.
1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Russian literature took a new turn. In line with the objective reality such as the development of society from capitalism to imperialism and the rise of proletarian revolutionary movement, Russian literature has formed a situation in which many schools coexist at the same time. The novels of kuprin (1870 ~ 1938) and Puning (1870 ~ 1953) basically follow the realistic road of19th century and show more sentimental feelings. The works of Korolenko, Serafimovic and Gorky try to combine realism with romanticism to reflect the new reality. Among them, the latter's novel Mother and the play Enemy were first named as socialist realism because of their good combination. In addition, there are many modernist literary schools characterized by denying tradition and making bold innovations. Among them, Merezhkovski (1866 ~ 194 1), Brock and Andre Bailey (1880 ~ 1934) are the most influential. There are novels and dramas such as Garson (1855 ~ 1888) and andreyev, which are born out of realism and closer to expressionism, and Akme, who is born out of symbolism, such as gumilyov (1886 ~ 192 1) and Ahmetova.
Modern Literature 19 17 After the October Revolution until the end of 1980s, Russia implemented the socialist Soviet system, so its literature was also called Soviet Russian literature. Because Russia was one of the 15 countries that joined the Soviet Union at that time, Russian literature was a part of the whole Soviet literature at this stage.
In the early days of Soviet Russia, there were many groups of writers in the literary world, with fierce factional disputes and few creations. Lunakar, who is in charge of literature and art on behalf of the authorities, has done a lot of work for uniting writers. Soon, the ruling * * * production party and the Soviet government strengthened their leadership over literary and artistic undertakings and advocated socialist realism as the basic creative method. So, in addition to Gorky and Serafimovic and other old writers and Furmanov (189 1 ~ 1926), Fadev and sholokhov, Mayakovski, a Tolstoy (1882 ~ 1945), ehrenburg and Fielding (. The poet Tvardovski (1910 ~1971), the poet and playwright Simonov (1915 ~1980) and the novelist Kochetov (.
Russian music
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Russian secular music has been popular since18th century. People's interest in music led to the collection and adaptation of folk songs, which had a great influence on the development of Russian music later. In the second half of the year, composers and performers appeared one after another. By the 1970s, there were already opera performances reflecting urban and rural life on the stage.
/kloc-In the first half of the 9th century, a unique and novel music school was formed in Russia, and glinka, the founder of Russian classical music, appeared. The orchestral music Kamalinskaya and Night in Madrid by Miyi glinka (1804- 1857) are early representative works of Russian symphony, which are different from western European music for their boldness and boldness, and have a great influence on the development of Russian symphony later. Tchaikovsky, a great Russian composer, once said that the whole "Russian Symphony Department" was conceived in glinka's Kamalinskaya-just like an oak tree was born in an acorn. Glinka's important works include the patriotic opera ivan susanin and the classical opera rossland and lyudmila. The composer integrated Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Finnish, Polish, Georgian, Spanish and other tunes into his works, deeply expressing patriotic thoughts and praising the achievements and virtues of the people. As soon as his works came out, he immediately became one of the world famous composers, and his reputation still exists today.
After glinka, Russian composers include Yashe Dalgomisky (18 13- 1869). He has created many vocal works, the most famous of which are the operas The Stone Man and water sprite. The melody of Water Fairy was born out of Russian folk songs and later became one of the most popular Russian folk operas.
/kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, Russian music entered a period of prosperity, and the 1960s and 1970s were called the "sturm und drang" era of Russian music. The symbol of music prosperity is the emergence of a collective "powerful composer group". The "Powerful Group" is composed of glinka student Mia Balakirev (1836- 19 10). The main members are Musorgskiy, Borodin, rimsky-Kosakov and Guy. Their activities were recognized by the famous art theorist and critic F.W. Stasov (1824-65433). Powerful Group aims to advocate realism and promote Russian national music, and its creation is mostly based on Russian history, people's life, folklore and literary masterpieces. They pay attention to absorbing and using folk tunes, and make innovations in artistic forms and creative techniques. Moby Musorgskiy's works (1839- 188 1) are good at describing characters and psychology, and the timbre has the characteristics of folk songs. His masterpieces include the operas Boris Godunov and Howanski Rebellion. Both operas focus on the Russian people and express their hatred of tyranny. Biya Borodin (1833- 1887)' s masterpiece is Igor Gong, an opera based on Igor's expedition. This opera is magnificent and successfully uses Russian and oriental folk songs and dances. Anne rimsky-Kosakov (1844- 1905) has rich works, and has created 15 musical works of opera, symphony, romanticism and other genres. There are far-reaching operas such as the Tsar's fiancee, fantasy operas and mythical operas based on narrative poems and fairy tales, Sateko, Night in May, Snow White and so on.
The greatest Russian composer is Piette I Tchaikovsky (1840- 1893). His music creation began with the activities of the "strength school" in the 1960s, and the heyday of his music creation was in the 1970s and early 1990s. Tchaikovsky's works are famous for their profound democratic spirit and distinctive national characteristics. His lyric operas yevgeni onegin, The Queen of Spades, Ballet Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty and Nutcracker are all the peaks in Russian music art history. Among Tchaikovsky's six symphonies, the third, fourth and sixth (Pathetique) symphonies are particularly famous. His symphony Romeo and Juliet is famous for its beautiful tunes. Tchaikovsky's creation is based on elegy, which reflects the mood of Russian intellectuals in the 1980s, and strongly and truly expresses the contradictions of the times, the impulse of struggle, people's desire for comfort and their longing for a better future. Tchaikovsky won the world reputation for the Russian symphony orchestra.
Later Russian composers included Glazunov, rachmaninoff and others. Sheva Rachmaninov (1873- 1943) is a composer and pianist. 19 18 went abroad and performed in European and American countries. His works are deeply influenced by Tchaikovsky, including three symphonies, three operas (including The A Le Brothers adapted from Pushkin's long poem Tzgang), 24 piano preludes, 4 piano concertos, and Paganini Rhapsody with Piano and Orchestra.
After the October Revolution, due to the emphasis on traditional music forms, several generations of new composers appeared in the Soviet Union. They have made great achievements in symphony, opera and ballet. These composers have their own emphases, showing different styles and characteristics.
The old composer Lemo Greer (1875- 1956) absorbed folk tunes, and wrote some operas with high artistic value in addition to ballet "Hong Haier Millet" and "Bronze Knight". His students thank prokofiev (189 1- 1953) for his wide range of creative themes, fresh and vivid musical language and great influence in the world. He wrote the famous ballet Romeo and Juliet, Cinderella, Gemstone Flower and the grand opera War and Peace. His fifth and seventh symphonies are widely circulated. Yuja Shaporin (1887- 1966) often writes lyric songs according to the lyrics of Russian poets. Representative works include the symphonic chorus On the Field of Kulikovo and the opera The Decemberists. Niya Myaskovski (188 1- 1950) specializes in composing symphonies. He wrote 27 symphonies in his life, and the last one is the most famous. He is a famous music educator and has trained more than 80 composers. Khachaturian (1903-1978) is an Armenian and a student in Myaskovski. He is familiar with the oriental music style, attaches importance to the source of folk creation, and is good at the creation of instrumental concertos. He created many piano, violin and cello concertos with rich colors, strong feelings and strong national feelings, which had a great influence on the formation of the national symphony school.
The most famous composer in Soviet period was Shostakovich. Djiji Shostakovich (1906- 1975) was the president of the Soviet Composers Association for a long time. His works are mainly symphonies, which are considered as one of the peaks of music in the 20th century. His works mostly reflect major social themes, with war and peace, anti-fascist struggle and so on as the main themes. The artistic feature of the works is the combination of intense passion and delicate and secret lyricism, and the style is close to that of Musorgskiy, Bach and Beethoven. He composed 65,438+05 symphonies, as well as the historical opera "Katerina Izz Muhlova", the oratorio "Song of the Forest" and the violin concerto. He also made many films and plays, such as Ma Kexin Trilogy, Man with a Gun and Young Guards. The works that brought him fame were the first, fifth, seventh and eleventh symphonies. Among them, the Seventh Symphony (Leningrad) was written during the siege of Leningrad, and it is famous for its tragic and solemn, which is an immortal work in the war years.
The piano performance of the Soviet Union is unique and famous all over the world. The founders of the Soviet School are pianist and art educator Ni Kang Igumnov (1873- 1948) and Gengu Niegouz (1888- 1964). Later, the famous pianist was a student of Igmnov, Lilin Oberlin (1907- 1974). Contemporary famous pianists are students of Nie Igaz, Scheli Hete (19 15 I) and Aggelleris (19 16 I).
The violin playing in the Soviet Union is also a school of its own. Fei Da oistrakh (1908- 1974) is the main representative of the Soviet violin school and a world-famous violin master. He mainly plays western European music, Russian classical music and Soviet contemporary works. His style is rigorous and his expression is profound. 1937 won the first prize of Yi Sayi International Violin Competition.
There are many famous opera singers in Russia and the Soviet Union. Fay Chayabin (1873- 1938) is a famous Russian bass singer and opera singer. He is good at singing "Song of the Volga Boatman" and has played roles such as Susanen and Boris. 1922 went abroad and never returned to the Soviet union. Before 1950s, the opera singers familiar to Soviet audiences were lyric tenor Sheila Lemeshev (1902- 1977), mezzo-soprano Anna Obukhova (1886- 196 1) and lyric coloratura. The most famous contemporary female singer is Ikong Arkhipova (1925-).
Russian ballet has its own genre, which was formed in18th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, a famous Russian ballet dancer was Ann pavlova (1881-1931). She starred in traditional plays such as Death of a Swan, Egyptian Night and Almida Palace, and left Russia on 19 13 to perform in Europe and America, which made Russian ballet spread in Europe. The world-famous Soviet ballet dancer since the middle of this century is Xie Jia ulanova (19 10 I), followed by mamie Pri? etskaya (1925 I). The famous Soviet ballet dancer of the younger generation is ulanova's student Yexie Maksimova (1939 I).
The Soviet Union established the Composers' Association in 1948. In 1979, the membership exceeded 2 100. The association often holds music festivals and concerts in various places. The first International Tchaikovsky Music Competition was held in Moscow from 65438 to 0958, and held every four years thereafter. At the 6th Tchaikovsky Concert on 1978, Soviet singer Semchuk, violinist Grubel and pianist Pletnjev won the first prize respectively. Starting from 1969, Moscow holds an international ballet competition every four years. Soviet actors won the first prize more than once.
Russian painting
The development of Russian painting has gone through the following main stages: the first stage is the ancient Russian period, that is, from the formation of the auxiliary principality to the reform of Peter the Great. This is the transplantation of Byzantine culture and the formation of ancient Russian national art in the early days of Russian feudal society. Russian culture shows the far-reaching influence of Byzantine culture. The second stage is the whole18th century from Peter the Great to the reign of Queen yekaterina, which is the period of Russian reform and Europeanization. Russian culture developed rapidly under the influence of Italian and French classical art, and Russian art began to integrate into the process of European literature development. Classicism, popular in Europe, was also imitated and imitated in Russia at this time. The third stage is the first period of19th century, which is the foundation of Russian national art. The Royal Academy of Fine Arts, which was established in the middle of18th century, has gradually trained a number of artists of its own nation in more than half a century. They breathe the air of their own nation and absorb the nourishment of their own culture, and literature and art with Russian characteristics begin to emerge on the world stage. The fourth stage is from the middle of19th century to the beginning of 20th century, that is, from critical realism to the emergence of new schools represented by formalism and aestheticism, among which critical realism is the most brilliant. Russia's critical realism literary and artistic creation occupies an important position in the world art world because of its diversity and originality in subject matter, genre, style and skill. Keeping pace with the French literature and art at that time, they each led the way, producing world-class masters and forming a string of dazzling pearls in the history of literature and art. Russian literary creation at this stage has been one of the focuses of people's research for more than a century.
The formation of Russian critical realism has its unique social background. In Europe, the19th century is a complex and changeable era, with various literary trends and schools fluctuating frequently. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, classicism, which had been popular for nearly 200 years, tended to decline. The situation after the French Revolution and the development of philosophy and social sciences prompted the birth of romanticism, which has developed considerably in some European countries and regions. In 1930s and 1940s, with the development and progress of western European society and the new achievements of dialectics, materialism and natural science, the mainstream of art turned to realism, which truly represented life, reproduced social features and revealed social contradictions. This powerful artistic trend is called critical realism because it exposes and criticizes the existing order.
Russian critical realism literature and art was formed in 1930s and 40s of19th century, flourished in 1950s and 1960s, and reached its peak in 1970s and 1980s. It lasts for a long time, the longest in Europe. Russia's critical realism is aimed at Russia's feudal serfdom and also involves Russia's developing capitalism. It shows the broad social life, shows the social situation of Russia in many aspects, exposes the realistic contradictions in a considerable depth, and puts forward many major social problems. Many Russian writers and artists come from the civilian class, and they are easily exposed to the life of the Russian lower class, so their description of the Russian working people has a unique perspective. Another time was 1825, the "The Decemberists Uprising" held by aristocratic intellectuals in the Senate Square in Petersburg. The first thing inspired and inspired the patriotic enthusiasm of the people and strengthened their determination to demand reform. The latter failed for various reasons, but it showed that Russian intellectuals' protest against the czar's autocracy had entered the stage of violent action. These two events promoted the awakening of Russian national consciousness and the formation of democratic thought. Therefore, the romantic literary trend of thought popular in European literary and art circles in this period has a weak response in Russia and its achievements are not significant. At this time, Pushkin, krylov and lermontov in Russian literature, Kiplinsky, Touronen and A G Venetsianov in paintings all have romantic feelings in their works, but they already have distinct realistic spirit. With the Russian people's movement against serfdom and the spread of revolutionary ideas, in 1930s and 1940s, writers and political theorists belinsky and herzen put forward the slogan of national character of literature and art and the theoretical orientation of progress, which made literature and art in the middle of19th century take on a new look. During this period, the literary creations of Nikolai Nikolai Gogol and Turgenev and fedotov's paintings had an inestimable influence on the development of Russian critical realism literary school.
65438+1960s was once called the "dawn period" of Russia. Russia's failure in the Crimean War in 1950s exposed the backwardness of Russian economy and technology and the weakness of autocratic serfdom. The rise of the Russian people and the rise of the peasant movement forced Tsar Alexander II to sign a decree abolishing serfdom in February 186 1. Before and after, the Russian cultural field presented a new situation: in the fields of philosophy, political theory and aesthetics, materialistic aesthetic theories like Chernyshevski and Dobro Lyubov appeared. Chernyshevski clearly put forward the creative principles of critical realism in his famous thesis "The Aesthetic Relationship between Art and Reality", which provided powerful theoretical guidance for the flourishing literary movement. Modern People, a large-scale literary publication, is very active in the society under the auspices of the poet Necrasov. A large number of writers gathered around the magazine, shouting for Russian progress and prosperity of literature and art, playwright ostrovsky, literary giant lev tolstoy, Saltikoff Schederin and so on. In their works, they profoundly put forward the social problems existing in Russia and created a series of literary images with characteristics and philosophies. In the field of music, around 1855, the Russian "strength school" headed by the young composer Balakirev gradually formed, exploring the road of nationalization of Russian music. They explicitly opposed the blind worship of Italian and French music by the upper class for a century and a half, and advocated the development of Russian national music, seeking creative materials from Russian history, people's lives, literary works and folk music. Musorgskiy, Borodin and Limsky-Kosakov, the representatives of "Powerful Group", initiated a brand-new Russian music movement.