1, Long March 1 is the first three-stage launch vehicle in China. It is based on two-stage liquid rocket and solid third stage. Solid motor is developed by solid motor research institute. The whole rocket is controlled by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. The length of the arrow is 29.46m, the maximum diameter is 2.25m, the take-off mass is 8 1.5t, and the initial thrust reaches1.06n. The second and third stages are connected by adapter cones. After the third stage is completely separated from the second stage, the rotating rocket is ignited to make the third stage rotate freely in the air. The fairing is thrown out horizontally. The Long March 1 rocket has the carrying capacity to launch a 300-kilogram satellite into a circular orbit with an inclination of 70 degrees and a height of 440 kilometers.
1On April 24th, 970, the Long March-1 carrier rocket launched China's first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" at Jiuquan Launch Center, and launched it again to put Shi Jian-1 scientific experimental satellite into the scheduled orbit.
The modified "Long March 1 D" of "Long March 1" is equipped with a three-stage solid motor on the basis of the original first and second stages, so that its carrying capacity in near-earth orbit can reach 700 kg ~ 750 kg.
2. Long March II two-stage liquid launch vehicle, with total arrow length of about 32m, maximum diameter of 3.35m and take-off mass of 190 t. The first stage is equipped with four engines, with ground thrust of 2.8× 106n, vacuum thrust of the second stage main engine of 7.3× 105n, and four remote-controlled swimming engines (. Then, two more satellites were launched.
With the improvement of satellite's requirements for rocket carrying capacity, the technical status of Long March II rocket has been modified accordingly, which has improved its technical performance and carrying capacity. The carrying capacity of low-earth orbit reached about 2.5 t, and it was named Long March II C, which was successfully launched several times. The launch shows that the Long March II C has correct design scheme, stable performance and reliable quality, and has won favorable comments from peers at home and abroad.
3. Long March 2 E is a long March 2 bundled rocket. It is the first thrust-bound (also called cluster) launch vehicle developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology. It uses the improved Long March II C rocket as the core stage (the first stage is 4.6 meters longer and the second stage is 5.2 meters longer). The first stage is connected in parallel with four liquid booster rockets with a length of15.3m and a diameter of 2.25m.. In the fairing with a height of 10.5 m, the total length of the rocket is 49.7 m, the diameter of the core stage is 3.35 m, and the first-stage engine of the core stage is connected with four engines, with a total thrust of 6× 106N, which can send 8.8 t payload into a circular orbit of 200 km. /kloc-0 was approved for development at the end of 988, and only 6544 was used. The predetermined goal has been achieved. 1July, 990 16 was launched for the first time, and it was a success in one fell swoop. A Pakistani scientific experimental satellite and a simulated payload were accurately put into orbit. In such a short time, a new type of high-thrust launch vehicle has been successfully developed, which is unprecedented in China and rare in the world space history. This laid a foundation for China to develop manned space technology and meet the demand of the international satellite launch service market. 36860.88888888686
This kind of rocket, if loaded with China's solid propellant, can send 3 t payload into synchronous transfer orbit; If the "Long March II E/HO" is composed of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellant of the upper stage, its synchronous orbit carrying capacity will reach 4.8t.
4. The Long March III is a three-stage launch vehicle, with the prototype of "Long March II C" and the third stage of hydrogen and oxygen. China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology is responsible for the three-stage overall design and development, and the first and second stages are manufactured by Shanghai Space Administration. The total length of the rocket is 44.56 m, the take-off mass is 202 t, and the take-off thrust is 2.8×106 n. The third stage hydrogen-oxygen engine is started for the second time under the condition of weightlessness at high altitude. Its synchronous transfer orbit thrust is1.4×104n.198465438+1October 29th. Due to the abnormal start of the third-stage engine for the second time, the satellite entered low earth orbit. After 70 days and nights of struggle, it was launched again on April 8 and was a complete success.
1On April 7th, 990, "Long March III" successfully launched the Asia-1 communication satellite for Hong Kong Satellite Communication Co., Ltd., which indicated that China's Long March series launch vehicles began to enter the international satellite launch service market.
5. "Long March 3A" and "Long March 3A" are new launch vehicles developed for launching a new generation of communication and broadcasting satellites. Based on the "Long March II" carrier rocket, it adopts a number of advanced technologies, and its synchronous transfer capability is improved from the original 1.4 t to 2.5 t. It is a large-scale three-stage liquid rocket with a total length of 52.5 m and a diameter and fairing that exceeds that of Long March III. The take-off mass is 24 1t, the take-off thrust is 3× 106n, and the rocket mass is nearly 40 t. Since February of 1986, there are more than 30 major technologies, among which four technologies, such as rocket three-stage thrust hydrogen-oxygen engine, cold helium heating pressurization system, four-axis power gyro platform and low-temperature hydrogen energy bidirectional swing servo mechanism, are world-class.
The first test is to send two stars. 65438+ Beijing time1At 4: 34 p.m. on February 8, 1994, the newly-developed Long March 3A carrier rocket blasted off in xichang satellite launch center, sending a space exploration satellite "Shi Jian 4" and a simulation satellite into space.
The second Long March 3A carrier rocket was successfully launched at Xichang Satellite Center at1October 3019941:20.58 km. After the rocket was ignited and lifted off, it flew for 24 minutes, sending China's new generation communication satellite "Dongfanghong 3" to perigee and apogee. The satellite completed the third orbit change and entered the cruise attitude. After the third orbit change, the satellite was already in quasi-synchronous orbit. Due to the fuel leakage of the attitude control thruster on board, it failed to enter synchronous orbit. 1May, 1997 12, the Long March 3A carrier rocket was launched for the third time, and the communication and broadcasting satellite Dongfanghong-3 successfully entered the scheduled orbit.
6. Long March 3B A new type of bundled launch vehicle "Long March 3B", which was developed by China and has the largest carrying capacity at present, successfully launched a Philippine satellite into a predetermined orbit from xichang satellite launch center in the early morning of 1997, which shows that the Long March series of launch vehicles have the ability to send 5,000 kilograms of payload into high orbit. This is the 46th successful launch of the Long March rocket and the12nd commercial implementation of China Great Wall Industry Corporation.
The Long March 3B rocket has a total length of 54838 m and a take-off mass of 426t, and can send a payload of 5000 kg into a geosynchronous transfer orbit with an inclination of 28.5. It completely inherited the core stage of the Long March series, but the tank was lengthened, the structure was strengthened and the fairing was enlarged, just like the Long March 3A rocket. Hydrogen-oxygen engine technology and coaxial flexible platform technology, which also have the ability to start again under vacuum conditions. The four boosters bundled around the first stage of the rocket are exactly the same as the boosters of the long two-bundled rocket. Because of the use of bundled booster, its control and telemetry system is modified on the basis of Changsan bundled rocket, which is the rocket with the largest high orbit carrying capacity in China's Long March series.
Ma Buhai Satellite is a three-axis stable geosynchronous communication satellite designed by Laura Space Systems of the United States on the basis of fs 1300 platform. With 30 C-band transponders and 24 KU-band transponders, it can provide communication services such as language, image and data transmission to the Philippines, China and Southeast Asia. Mabuhai satellite is the most powerful communication satellite in Asia, with a maximum separation mass of about 3770kg. When the orbit life exceeds 12 years, the Long March 3B will be launched again in xichang satellite launch center at 3 am at Yelang Gorge, 144, 197 and 17 east longitude, and the Asia-Pacific No.2 R communication satellite will be successfully put into the scheduled orbit. The satellite, with a mass of 3 700 kg, was launched as a Long March series carrier rocket, with 48 launches.
7. Storm-1 is a two-stage launch vehicle. Developed by Shanghai Space Administration, the rocket has a length of 32.6 meters, a diameter of 3.35 meters, a takeoff thrust of 2.8× 106 N, a takeoff mass of 19 1 t, and propellants of nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. The first stage engine consists of four swimming engines that can swing tangentially. The secondary engine consists of a main engine and four swimming engines that can swing tangentially. The guidance system adopts platform-computer full inertial system, the attitude control adopts active network correction device, the tank adopts main strength aluminum alloy and adopts natural pressurization scheme. Storm- 1 can send a payload of 1 500 kg into low earth orbit.
In order to improve the carrying capacity, greatly reduce the structural weight and reduce the deviation of engine mixing ratio, the first stage exhaust is turned off, and the second stage main engine is used to fly into orbit with small thrust after being turned on. In order to improve the orbit accuracy, the guidance method combining speed guidance is adopted, and the key technologies such as structural dynamics and multi-satellite separation kinematics are overcome in order to realize three-satellite launch with one arrow.
Since 1975, Storm 1 has launched six satellites in succession. They are198/kloc-0, three scientific and technological experimental satellites and three satellites successfully launched by a single "Storm-1" carrier rocket on September 20th, 2008.
8. Long March 4 is a multi-purpose three-stage normal temperature propellant launch vehicle, which has the characteristics of excellent performance, reliable structure, low cost, universal launch site and convenient use. It was developed by Shanghai Space Agency.
"Long March 4" uses nitrogen tetroxide and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine propellant, with the total length of 4 1.9 m, the improved first and second stage diameters of 3.35 m, the newly developed third stage diameter of 2.9 m, the take-off mass of the rocket of 249 t and the take-off thrust of 3× 106n. On the whole, "Long March 4" has been optimized and lengthened by one. The thrust of the first stage engine is increased by 2× 105N, and the third stage adopts two engines with 5× 104N thrust. The structural design quality is reduced by about 300 kg, and the rocket carrying capacity is greatly improved. The carrying capacity of the rocket for geostationary transfer orbit satellites is 1 250 kg. The carrying capacity of 900 km altitude sun synchronous orbit is 1 650 kg. For the first time, "Long March 4" applied many advanced technologies, such as digital attitude control system, three-stage full-range nitrogen pressurization transportation system, three-stage bidirectional swing engine, anhydrous hydrazine surface tension tank, three-stage single-layer high-strength aluminum thin-walled tank and so on.
1September 7, 1988 and1September 3, 1990, the "Long March 4" carrier rocket launched the meteorological satellite Fengyun-1 into sun-synchronous orbit twice, both of which were successful. "Long March 4" has two kinds of satellite fairings with different diameters, which can adapt to payloads with different masses and sizes, and can also launch multiple satellites with one arrow. This is to undertake the launching business of multiple satellites.
Attached:
Main data length /m maximum core diameter /m takeoff thrust /N carrying capacity /t track /km
Long March129.46 2.251.04×106 0.3400
Long March 2 32 3.35 2.8× 106 1.8 near the ground.
Long March 2 E49.7 3.35 6× 106 8.8 200
Long March 3 44.56 3.35 2.8×1061.4 synchronous orbit.
52.53.353× 1062.5 synchronous orbit in Yangtze River Delta
Chang San B 54.848 3.35 5.0 synchronous orbit
No.1 storm 32.6 3.35 2.8× 106 4.8 200
Long March 4 41.93.353x1061.25 synchronous orbit.
The first chapter is a brief history of world space development.
Exploring the vast universe has been a beautiful dream of mankind for thousands of years. China has had the myth of the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon since ancient times. In BC 1700, China said, "Flying with the wind, traveling to Wan Li every day", and drew an imaginary picture of clouds breaking away. There are also many beautiful legends about the moon abroad.
From 10/957, when the world's first artificial earth satellite was launched, to the end of February/990, the former Soviet Union, the United States, France, China, Japan, India, Israel, Britain and the European Space Agency successively developed about 80 kinds of launch vehicles and built more than 10. Among them, there are 3,875 satellites, manned spacecraft 14 1, space probes11,and dozens of application satellite systems have been put into operation. At present, astronauts have flown in space for 438 days and 12 astronauts have set foot on the moon. The exploration activities of space probes have greatly updated the knowledge about space physics and space astronomy. By the end of last century, more than 5,000 spaceships had gone to heaven. 100 Many countries and regions have carried out space activities, made use of the achievements of space technology, or made their own plans for space activities. Space activities have become an important part of the national economy and military sector.
Space technology is the crystallization of modern science and technology, which is based on basic science and technical science and brings together many new achievements of engineering technology in the 20th century. Mechanics, thermodynamics, material science, medicine, electronic technology, photoelectric technology, automatic control, jet propulsion, computer, vacuum technology, cryogenic technology, semiconductor technology and manufacturing technology have played an important role in the development of space technology. These sciences and technologies have permeated each other in space applications, resulting in some new disciplines and forming a complete space science and technology system. The new requirements put forward by space technology have promoted the progress of science and technology.
First of all, rocket technology
Rocket technology has promoted the history of human space development.
Gunpowder is one of the four great inventions in ancient China, and the rocket was invented by China people after the invention of gunpowder. As early as A.D. 1000, Tang Fuxian applied the rocket principle to make war weapons, which were spread to foreign countries at the beginning of 13 century. Legend has it that at the end of 14, a scholar in China installed 47 largest rockets at that time behind a chair, each with a big kite, trying to take off with the help of the thrust of the rockets and the lift of the kite. But after an explosion, I saw smoke, debris and missing people. To commemorate the world's first warrior who tested rocket flight, a crater near the East China Sea on the surface of the moon was named after thousands of families. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, the Indian army used a large number of rockets in many wars with the British and French troops, and achieved good results. This promoted the development of European rocket technology. Congray, an Englishman who fought in India, improved the Indian rocket. He determined various formulations of black powder, improved the manufacturing method, and serialized rockets with a range of 3 kilometers. The principles of these early rockets became the basis of modern rocket technology.
19 At the end of the 20th century, with the progress of science and technology, modern rocket technology and space flight developed. The pioneers were tsiolkovsky of the former Soviet Union, Goddard of the United States and Aubert of Germany.
Tsiolkovsky devoted his life to the research of rocket technology and space flight. In his classic works, he profoundly demonstrated the idea of rocket flight, and theoretically proved that multistage rockets could overcome gravity and enter space at the earliest. He established the basic mathematical equation of rocket motion and laid the theoretical foundation. He first proposed the use of liquid propellant rockets, which took only 30 years to realize. He foresaw the real structure of modern rockets, and discussed the reliability of using liquid hydrogen-liquid oxygen as propellant in rockets, and envisaged using new fuel (energy of nuclear decomposition) as the power of rockets. He elaborated in detail the conditions for space flight with rockets, the conditions for rockets to take off from the ground, and the idea that artificial earth satellites and flying to other planets must establish intermediate stations. He also put forward many technical suggestions, such as using gas rudder to control rockets, using pumps to forcibly transport propellants, and using instruments to automatically control rockets, which played a great role in the development of modern rockets and aerospace.
Dr Goddard began to study modern rockets in 10 10. In his paper 19 19, he put forward the mathematical principle of rocket flight, pointing out that a rocket must have a speed of 7.9km/s to overcome the gravity of the earth. He realized that liquid propellant rockets have great potential. 1March, 926, the world's first liquid propellant rocket was successfully developed and launched, with a flying speed of 103km/h, a rising height of 12.5 m and a flying distance of 56 m.
In the book published by 1923, Professor oberth not only established the basic principle of the rocket working in a space vacuum, but also explained that the rocket can orbit the earth as long as it can generate enough thrust. Like tsiolkovsky and Goddard, he also conducted extensive research on various propellant combinations.
Real modern rockets appeared in fascist Germany in World War II. As early as 1932, Germany launched an A2 rocket with a flying height of 3 kilometers. V-2 rocket (A4 type) was successfully launched in June 1942, flying at an altitude of 85km and a flying distance of 190km. The successful launch of V-2 rocket made the theory of space pioneers come true, which is an important page in the development history of modern rocket technology.
1945 In May, Germany was defeated in World War II. The former Soviet Union captured some German rocket technicians and seized several V-2 rockets and related technical data. On this basis, the former Soviet Union successfully copied the V-2 rocket at 1947. 1948 designed a P- 1 rocket with a range of 300 kilometers. P-2 and P-3 rockets were developed in 1950 and 1955 respectively, with ranges of 500 km and 1750 km respectively. 1In August 1957, the two-stage liquid intercontinental missile P-7 was successfully launched with a range of 8,000 kilometers. The modified P-7 was successfully launched in June of 1957 and 10, and the world's first artificial earth satellite was successfully launched. Quot artificial earth satellite 1 "opens a new page of modern rocket technology. In order to launch a variety of spacecraft, the former Soviet Union successfully developed various types of launch vehicles, such as Dongfang, Soyuz, Cosmos, Proton and Energy, which can send payloads exceeding 100 tons into low-earth orbit.
After World War II, the United States captured the German rocket expert headed by Wernher wernher von braun and seized 100 V-2 rockets. With the help of Braun, the U.S. Army launched the V-2 rocket in 1945, began to study the "Redstone" ballistic missile in 1949, worked out the artificial satellite plan in 1954, and successfully launched the first U.S. rocket by "Jupiter" C on February165438. Quot Launch vehicles, such as Redstone, Scout, Hercules and Saturn.
China successfully launched its first short-range rocket at 1960+0 1.5. China has "Long March" (CZ) series of launch vehicles, including four basic launch vehicles, CZ- 1, CZ-2, CZ-3 and CZ-4, as well as CZ- 1D, C(CZ-2C), CZ-2C/SD, CZ-2D and CZ-2E.
1On April 7th, 990, China's CZ-3 carrier rocket successfully launched the American-made "Asia-1" satellite. The Long March rocket has successfully entered the ranks of international commercial launch satellites, and 27 foreign satellites have been launched into the sky so far.
France began to develop its own sounding rockets and missiles in the 1950s, and on this basis, developed the "Diamond" launch vehicle. 1965 10 to1February 967, French diamond rockets sent satellites A- 1 and D- 1 into space. France actively promotes the joint development of European space industry by western European countries. It is a major member of the European Space Agency and undertakes most of the research and development work of Ariane launch vehicle.
The full members of ESA are Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The associate members are Austria and Norway; Canada is an observer country. The launch vehicle Ariane 1 developed by ESA was successfully launched for the first time on February 24th, 1979. So far, five basic types and several improved rockets of Ariane 1-5 have been developed. Ariane -4 is the main vehicle of ESA. It has been launched more than 80 times and failed 7 times, and its success rate is among the best in the world commercial satellite aircraft.
Since 1963, Japan has been developing Mime series solid launch vehicles, with four generations in total. 1970, NASDA decided to introduce the technology of "Delta" launch vehicle from the United States in order to develop its own N launch vehicle. 1 In September 1975, Japan successfully launched the "Chrysanthemum"1technical test satellite with the N- 1 rocket for the first time. N-2 rocket hydrogen-oxygen fuel device 1994 was successfully tested. India has successfully developed its own SLV, ASLV, PSLV and GSLV series launch vehicles. In April of 200 1 year, GSLV was successfully launched.
In addition, Britain, Italy, Canada, India, Brazil, Israel, South Korea, North Korea and other countries have the ability to launch satellites by using their own launch vehicles or renting launch vehicles from other countries.