The formation of human 1, the process of human formation: the ape climbing the tree is in the process of forming a fully formed person (early ape, late ape, early homo sapiens, late homo sapiens).
Humans in the world are divided into three main races, namely, yellow race, white race and black race. Ethnic differences are the result of long-term influence of many factors such as different natural and geographical environments.
3. Human beings were formed about three or four million years ago. Since the emergence of human beings, there has been a history of human society. The earliest society in human history is primitive society.
4. Primitive society experienced matriarchal clan society and paternal clan society. (matriarchal-"only know his mother, not his father", women are dominant in society. Prefer boys over girls-"Know both his mother and his father", and men dominate the economy)
The source of western civilization 1, the source of western civilization-Greece and Rome.
2. In the 8th century BC, Greek peninsular and the west coast of Asia Minor appeared, and Athens was one of the most important city-states. In the 6th century BC, Athens became a famous slave republic. During the reign of Perikles, Athens reached its peak, with economic prosperity and cultural prosperity, and the democratic politics of slave owners reached the peak of the ancient world. All adult male citizens have the right to participate in politics.
3. In 509 BC, Rome established a republic. In 27 BC, Octavian began to monopolize power and the Roman Empire was established. Later, the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The demise of the Western Roman Empire (476) marked the end of the slave society in Western Europe.
1 and the establishment of feudal countries in Asia in the 5th century, slave countries unified Japan, and the supreme ruler was called the Emperor.
2. In the 7th century, Japan made great changes after the Sui and Tang Dynasties. The main contents of the reform are: to establish a centralized feudal country with emperor system in politics, and to abolish the hereditary system of nobles in order to select officials by talents. Economically, the land is nationalized, and the state regularly distributes it to farmers for farming and collects taxes. It is a symbol of Japan's transition from a slave society to a feudal society. Since then, Yamato has officially changed its name to Japan.
In the 3rd and 7th centuries, Muhammad founded Islam in Mecca, calling on everyone to believe in God and give up the gods of his tribe. This monotheistic propaganda is conducive to promoting national unity.
In 4.622, Muhammad left Medina and established a country with the integration of politics and religion. Islam designated 622 as the first year of the Islamic calendar.
In 5.630, the nobles in Mecca compromised and recognized Muhammad as a political and religious leader. Mecca has become a holy place for Islam. In 632, the Arabian Peninsula was basically unified and a unified Arab country was established.
Ancient science and technology and ideology and culture 1. The oldest hieroglyphics in the world were created by ancient Egyptians and appeared around 3000 BC. Sumerians in the two river basins created cuneiform characters.
2. Buddhism, Christianity and Islam are called the three major religions in the world.
3. Buddhism: Buddhism was born in ancient India in the 6th century BC and was founded by Gautama. Siddhartha (Sakyamuni). Buddhism advocates "equality of all beings", opposes the privileged position of Brahmins and demands "patience and obedience". In the 3rd century BC, when Asoka of India was in power, Buddhism developed greatly and spread abroad.
4. Christianity: 1 century was born in Palestine. The preacher preached that Jesus was the "Savior". The present perpetual calendar is based on the legendary year of "the birth of Jesus", that is, the first year of AD.
5. Islam: In the 7th century, Muhammad founded Islam in Mecca, Arabian Peninsula. Muslims are called Muslims.
6. Archimedes, a famous scientist in ancient Greece, is famous for discovering the laws of leverage and buoyancy. Archimedes famously said, "Give me a fulcrum and I will move the whole earth." )
Homer is a famous heroic epic in ancient Greece. According to legend, Homer, a blind poet, made it on the basis of folk oral creation.
8. Sophocles was a famous tragic writer in ancient Greece. He pushed the ancient tragic art to maturity. His masterpiece is King Oedipus.
9. Arabian Nights is a collection of Arab folk stories, which vividly depicts the rich social life of the Arab Empire.
10, the largest temple in Islam is the Mecca Mosque, which is located in the center of Mecca in Saudi Arabia today.
American War of Independence 1, time: 1775- 1783
2. Reasons: ① the development of British colonial economy in North America; ② British colonial oppression.
3. Leadership: bourgeoisie and planter class (represented by Washington)
4. After that:
① Outbreak: Gunfire from Lexington (1April 775);
② Army building: Washington was appointed as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army (1775);
3. Independence: The Declaration of Independence was issued; (1July 4, 776)
④ Turning point: Battle of Saratoga; ( 1777)
(5) Victory: British troops in Yorktown surrendered;
6. Recognition: Britain recognizes American independence; ( 1783)
The French Revolution and the Establishment of Napoleon's Empire. Reasons for the outbreak of revolution: the contradiction between capitalist development and feudal autocracy; Social hierarchy, the opposition between the third class and the privileged class.
2. Process: (1) Trigger: the convening of the third-level meeting. (2) Symbol of the beginning:1On July 4th, 789, the people of Paris captured the Bastille.
(3) Revolutionary Program: 1789 promulgated the Declaration of Human Rights, declaring that all people are born free and have equal rights, and private property is inviolable.
(4) 1792, France abolished the monarchy, the first Republic of France was established, and Louis XVI was guillotined. (5) jacobins's dictatorship pushed the French Revolution to a climax; Robespierre and others were guillotined in the coup in 1794, and the climax of the French Revolution ended.
3. Historical significance: The French Revolution destroyed the feudal rule of France, spread the progressive ideas of bourgeois freedom and democracy, and had a great impact on the development of world history.
Steam age 1. Industrial revolution is a leap from workshop handicraft stage to big machine production stage in capitalist period, a revolution in production field and social relations, and an inevitable result of capitalist political and economic development.
2, 65438+1960s, the industrial revolution first occurred in Britain, and the earliest industrial sector was cotton textile industry.
3. Major invention: (1) Hargreaves invented Jenny machine, which marked the beginning of the industrial revolution. And the production efficiency is greatly improved. The English mechanic Watt improved the steam engine. 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was first put into use in the textile sector. People use the power provided by steam engine to drive machines to produce, which greatly promotes the development of large factory production. Since then, mankind has entered the "age of steam". Sun Qijun, an English engineer, invented the locomotive by using the steam engine. Since then, the rapid development of railway traffic has brought great convenience to people's production and life.