The first war between China and Japan was the battle of Baijiangkou in August 663. In 659, Baekje and Koguryo attacked Silla, and Silla turned to the Tang Dynasty for help. Paisu led an army of 65,438+300,000 to levy Baekje, and Silla responded with 50,000 elite soldiers. Tang and Silla allied forces quickly defeated Baekje and captured Baekje Wang Yici. Fu Xin, the second son of King Yici, collected the remains in an attempt to restore the country. In 660, he turned to Japan for help and demanded the release of Prince Zhang Feng as a hostage. Qi Ming, the reigning Japanese queen, agreed to Fu Xin's request and sent him back to the Prince's side. In 66 1, she went to Kyushu to personally direct the battle with the Tang and Silla allied forces. However, he fell ill because of overwork and his expedition plan ran aground. In 662, Japan organized a large number of war preparation materials to assist Baekje. In May, General Atan Biloff led 65,438+070 crew members to Baekje. In August 663, the Japanese sent Lu to lead more than 10,000 reinforcements across the sea to Baijiangkou. At this time, Japan's total strength in Baekje was more than 32,000. At the same time, Tang and Silla allied forces decided to attack Liucheng, the state where Baekje King Zhang Feng was located. Tang generals Liu Renyuan, Liu and Silla Wang Famin led the army to attack. Tang generals Liu, Du Shuang and Baekje surrendered and Fu Yulong led the water army from the river to the Baijiangkou in the lower reaches of Jinjiang to cooperate with the army to attack Zhouliucheng. 13, in order to meet the Japanese reinforcements, King Zhang Feng led the water army to stand by at Baijiangkou. 17, Tang and Silla's navy arrived at the same time as the Japanese captain, and the two armies fought. At that time, there were more than 400 Japanese warships, and the combined forces of Tang and Silla only had 170, and their forces were also at a disadvantage. In the three rounds of contest, neither side has achieved a decisive result. On 18, the two armies joined forces for the fourth time. Because Japan and Baekje overestimated their own advantages and despised the strength of Tang and Silla allied forces, they fought blindly and suffered a heavy defeat. After the victory of the Baijiangkou naval battle, the Tang Dynasty continued to use troops against Koguryo, so it failed to punish the Japanese for joining Baekje in waging war against the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty kept in touch with the Japanese at that time, but the closeness was lower than that of Shoto Kutaishi and Emperor Kotoku and the Sui and Tang Dynasties in China. However, the Japanese side has always been worried about the use of force by the Tang Dynasty against Japan, and failed to take the initiative to develop a larger-scale close contact with the Tang Dynasty, which was completely changed after Emperor Tianwu of Japan acceded to the throne. After Japan lost to China at Baijiangkou, it stimulated the enthusiasm of learning from the Tang Dynasty and began to send larger and more frequent envoys to the Tang Dynasty. The friendliest and closest cultural exchange period between China and China finally began. Until 894 AD, this once truly friendly period in Japanese history ended only when Japan stopped sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty. 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222+In the middle of the 3rd century, the Mongolian empire took Dali in the south and Korea in the east, and the plan to conquer the Song Dynasty will also be completed. Looking at the whole east, only Japan is independent of the imperial territory across the sea. In A.D. 1270, the Mongolian envoy arrived in Japan for the fifth time, conveying Kublai Khan's will that if Japan did not pay tribute to Mongolia, the Mongols would soon send troops. At that time 18-year-old Japanese ruler Sejong Kitajima (125 1~ 1284) resolutely rejected this request and suppressed others. When Kublai Khan heard the news, he couldn't restrain his anger and humiliation that he had been sent five times and rejected five times. Ignoring the fierce fighting between Mongolia and the Southern Song Dynasty, he ordered the preparation of troops, ships and rations and launched a war offensive against Japan. The Japanese army was also prepared under the order of Sejong of Kitajima. In A.D. 1274, Kublai Khan ordered that "Xindu, general manager of Fengzhou, and Hong, general manager of Korean army and civilians, each take 1,000 ships, while Luqing Jizhou and Jishui in Batou each take 300 ships, and * * * 900 ships, carrying 15,000 foot soldiers." To this end, Koreans and Han Chinese were forced to build ships, transport grain and serve as soldiers, and suffered greatly. However, Kublai Khan insisted on capturing Japan. "In winter and October, I entered the country, but the official army was not complete, and the arrows were exhausted, and I came back unexpectedly." In fact, the army of the Yuan Dynasty only achieved some success at the beginning of the war. Will be defeated again and again in the future. Although the Japanese army's weapons are not as good as the Mongolian long-range weapons, and their commanders are not as experienced as the leaders of the Mongolian army who have been tested in the battlefield, they are good at face-to-face fighting. The sudden storm in the battle caused heavy losses to the Mongolian army and ships when they retreated into the sea, so they had to retreat in vain. The Mongols' first expedition to Japan ended in failure. This is extremely rare in the history of war after the rise of Mongolia. The myth of the invincible Mongols was shattered in the naval battle. Kublai Khan was shocked to hear that he had failed to conquer Japan. He once again sent important envoys to Japan with books, demanding Japanese tribute with a tough attitude, or resorting to force. However, the Japanese government rejected the request of the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty and executed the envoys. Like his grandfather, Kublai Khan was determined to punish Japan at all costs. On the one hand, he recruited and raised funds; On the other hand, the envoy asked Japan to pay tribute quickly, otherwise the Yuan Army would come. Sejong Kitajima once again rejected Kublai Khan's request and actively planned an expedition to North Korea. Kublai Khan had no choice. In the 18th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 128 1), 100,000 new surrenders from the Southern Song Dynasty were assembled to form an army to expedition to Japan. The soldiers were divided into two ways: Hong Chaqiu and Xindu led 40,000 Mongolian, Korean and Han troops to cross the sea from Korea; Atahai, Fan and Li Ting led 9,000 warships from Qingyuan and Dinghai. The Second Route Army of the Yuan Dynasty agreed to meet at Yiqi Island and Pingyi Island before June. King Koryo also provided the Yuan Dynasty with 1 0,000 troops, 1 0,500 sailors, 900 ships and a lot of food. However, the South Yuan Army, which has a large number of troops and a large number of trench, has been slow to join the East Route Army as scheduled. The Eastern Route Army set out from Hepu in a hopeless situation, attacked the Japanese islands of Ma Dui and Yiqi, and landed on the original Shiga Island. Japanese defenders have had experience in fighting against Mongolia. They built fortifications along the outer coasts of Bozaki and Imamatsu, and entered Shiga Island with elite troops (there is a land connection between Shiga Island and Kyushu) to fight fiercely with the Crusader Yuan Army. "Yuan army trounced, retreated to Eagle Island, Ma Dui, Yiqi, Nagato and other places, and joined the later Jiangnan Army. However, after joining forces, the Yuan Army not only did not actively attack, but could not cooperate because of the command contradiction between North Korea, South Korea and Mongolia. In this way, the Mongolian army will pay a heavy price every step forward without any shade. The confrontation between the two sides lasted for two months, and the Mongolian army could never win. Two months later, from August 15 to August 16, a huge typhoon hit the coast of Japan. Under this typhoon attack, the East Mongolian Army lost 1/3, the Jiangnan Army lost half, and some soldiers near the coast were slaughtered or drowned by the Japanese. It is also recorded in China's historical materials that the warships of the Yuan Army were "tied to the city" and "battered by the waves" under the typhoon "Langshan", and the boats were damaged and exhausted. The sergeant howled and drowned in the sea. " He ordered Fan Huwen to escape from the Cold War and "sail alone in North Korea". The Mongols' second expedition to Japan ended in fiasco. In a rage, Kublai Khan not only failed to sum up the lesson, but in 1283, ordered the southern businessmen and the northeast Nuzhen to build ships for him to go to Japan, and the North Koreans provided him with food. However, due to the worsening domestic economic situation, Kublai Khan finally succumbed to the pressure of insufficient objective forces in A.D. 1286 and gave up fighting against Japan. At this point, the military relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and Japan ended in the failure of the Yuan Dynasty. 33333333333333333333333 In the process of Japan's external expansion, it set all the tone for Japan's mainland ambitions, so that it influenced Japan's later history. Until today, he is still considered as the greatest figure in Japanese history, and is essentially the most aggressive figure in Japanese history. No one is Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Toyotomi Hideyoshi Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536~ 1598) was originally a general under Nobuyoshi, a famous Japanese feudal leader during the Warring States Period. Because of his repeated meritorious military service, he was gradually reused and was promoted to the title on 1573. Formerly known as Deyilang, he was subordinate to Muxia and changed his surname to Yuchai on 1558. Nomoto Nagata was attacked by a retainer at 1582 and forced to commit suicide. Toyotomi Hideyoshi took his place. 1586, established "post-Yozei", calling itself "Chen Feng". 1585 served as Guan Bai (equivalent to "the first viceroy"), 1586 served as Minister Zheng Tai (equivalent to "Tai Regent"), 1590 unified Japan. 159 1 year, he gave up his position to his adopted son Toyotomi Hidetsugu, calling himself "Taige" (equivalent to "the old man in the country") and turned to specialize in the strategy and implementation of "sea conquest". After Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan with a disputed name during the Warring States Period by force, he felt strong and couldn't wait to wage war against China. As early as the Warring States period, he was ordered to go on an expedition and said, "It is my ambition to survey North Korea and spy on China." 1585 He said: "Now that Japan has been conquered, its status has been upgraded, its neighboring countries have been controlled, and its wealth is abundant, there is no other requirement. I only hope that my reputation and power will be left to future generations. After everything is settled in Japan, let Japan be brothers and decide to cross the sea in order to conquer North Korea and China. " 1587, he wrote to his beloved concubine Asano Shi: "In my lifetime, I swear to incorporate the territory of the Tang Dynasty (Ming Dynasty) into my territory". 1590, he sent a letter to the king of South Korea, asking to attack China by land. After being rejected, he wrote a post to Toyotomi Hidetsugu at 159 1, calling himself "Taige", and built a famous house city in Songpu County as the base camp. 1592 In April, Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded North Korea with 200,000 troops, claiming that the official war was not against North Korea but against the Ming Dynasty, and North Korea was just passing by, which was also reflected in the preparation order for moving the capital to Beijing issued by 18 in May, which only announced the official positions of China and Japan and did not make any arrangements for North Korea. Toyotomi Hideyoshi thinks that he can move the capital to Beijing and settle in Ningbo within two years, and then he will preside over the Indian conquest. After sending troops to Korea, Nagoya was the commander-in-chief and Yu was the commander-in-chief at the front. Kuroda, Xiaoxing and Katou Kiyomasa attacked in three ways, and quickly captured the North Korean capital and large areas of land. However, due to its weak naval capabilities, North Korean general Li Shunchen annihilated the Japanese elite troops through two naval battles, which hindered the Japanese army's northward advance. Nearly 50 thousand reinforcements sent by the Ming government cooperated with the North Korean army. With the strong advantages of artillery and cavalry, they defeated Japanese troops such as Konishi Yukinaga, Kuroda Changzheng and Yuki Duoxiu in the three battles of Pyongyang, Bitiguan and the siege of Seoul. After successively recovering lost territory, the Japanese army retreated and Toyotomi Hideyoshi made peace, temporarily ending the first war. Because Toyotomi Hideyoshi could not be satisfied with China's position reserved for Japan in the Sino-Japanese system at that time, the Ming-China peace talks finally failed after more than two years. 1597 65438+ 10, the Japanese army attacked again, Kuroda was defeated by the Ming army in Jishan, and the navy was hit hard by Li Shunchen in Liangminghai. Ming Dynasty reinforcements continued to enter Korea, attacking the armies of Katou Kiyomasa and Konishi Yukinaga. 1August 598 18, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died of depression, and the Japanese army withdrew. By February of 65438, all of them had withdrawn from Korea, and the second invasion of Korea was a complete failure. Tokugawa Ieyasu, another Japanese feudal Lord, also established a unified Japanese shogunate to replace Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was the initiator of Japanese modern expansion, and he was the first person to determine the pattern of mainland expansion through Korea and China. Japan's expansion to the Korean Peninsula and Chinese mainland completely failed in the Toyotomi Hideyoshi era, and made a comeback more than 300 years after the Meiji Restoration in Japan. The war that followed was the fourth hundred-year war in the history of China and Japan. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 is the eternal scar of China people. Beiyang fleet, the most proud modern army of the Qing government, was completely annihilated, and hundreds of millions of people's dreams of becoming a powerful country were shattered. World War II, stop it! ! !