A bank is a credit institution engaged in currency exchange and deposit business in China. Mainly distributed in Tianjin, Beijing, Shenyang, Jinan, Zhengzhou, Guangzhou and other places. Its nature and business are similar to those of banks in the southeast coast. In Hankou, Chongqing, Chengdu, Xuzhou and other places, the names of banks and banks coexist, and there is not much difference between ordinary people. Banks in the north are banks in the south, but they are called differently. They are financial institutions that handle monetary business. Qianzhuang is an old-fashioned institution in folk credit, which originated around Shanghai 1776. Bankers, also known as banks, are private financial institutions specializing in exchange, deposit absorption and lending between banks, and are the predecessors of modern banks in China. Banks can be roughly divided into three categories: banks, exchanges and money houses. In addition to handling foreign exchange deposits, Qian Hao also runs a grocery store. The exchange village mainly focuses on exchange and also engages in deposits. The amount of money is mainly in exchange, mostly located in busy blocks. The important business of a bank is to manage and deposit the currency in the market, or to plan the business exchanges between regions, so it is more intimate with business negotiations. Money houses are mainly distributed in Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo, Fuzhou and other places. In Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Jinan, Guangzhou and other places, it is called a bank and has the same nature as a bank. Other places, such as Hankou, Chongqing, Chengdu and Xuzhou. , are called banks and banks. In the early days, most banks were wholly-owned or partnership organizations. Large-scale banks can not only handle deposits and loans, but also issue bank notes and banknotes, which can be converted into money. Small banks only engage in exchange business, commonly known as "money houses"
1933, the monetary unit was changed from "two" to "yuan". At that time, because silver and silver dollar were used together, there must be a conversion rate. But the calculation is very complicated, and the conversion rate fluctuates up and down, just like the rise and fall of foreign exchange. First, a silver dollar should be converted into a "gauge". The gauge yuan is also called "bean gauge silver" (used by bean traders when trading) and "98 gauge yuan". The so-called "gauge yuan" has no real money and is only used for bookkeeping. Corresponding to this is the Shanghai "Erqi Yin Bao" crew.
When "February 27 Yin Bao" is used, it will appreciate in "September 8", that is, "gauge yuan". The conversion ratio of silver dollar to standard yuan is called "foreign cents", for example, "foreign cents" is 7.225, that is, 1 silver dollar can be converted into standard yuan of 7 dollars, 2 cents and 2.5 cents. The conversion rate of foreign exchange is announced by the currency trade association every morning and afternoon, and the fluctuation varies with the supply and demand of silver dollars in the market that day.
Construction began in the middle of the Ming dynasty, and it developed around the Qing dynasty and during the Beiyang government. After "abolishing the two things and changing the yuan", banks gradually appeared in the late Qing Dynasty, replacing private banks. After liberation, most banks closed down. Banks that have not closed down in Shanghai, together with private banks and trust companies, implement public-private partnerships and form joint venture banks. Until 1952, about 500 years. It takes Shanghai as its center, Jiangsu and Zhejiang as its wings, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River as its base, including Ping Jin, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan and Shaanxi. It originated from the exchange, and its business focuses on issuing bonds, extensively developing credit business and establishing currency trade associations, which has had an important impact on China's finance.
Bank Number-Source
It is difficult to confirm the source of the bank name. The earliest bank name was recorded in the 23rd year of Qing Qianlong (1758), a book called "Qian Dian Bank, changed to gold, silver, small plum blossom and begonia ingot". In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), when he announced the indictment against Xiao Shenyang, an important official, he said, "... Kuang Yin's number and pawn shop have not been copied, and there are tens of millions. "So, at the latest in the twenty-third year of Qianlong, there was a bank.
In the feudal society and semi-colonial and semi-feudal society of China, the long-standing diversified monetary system and the mixed circulation of various currencies led to currency exchange during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The exchange business began in the Western Han Dynasty and developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was operated by gold and silver shops and counters. In the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, the government wanted to specialize in making paper money, but the people still used silver ingots and copper coins. Silver, money and paper money go hand in hand, and many public and private institutions and companies are also engaged in exchange business.
During the Ming Yingzong Orthodox period (1436- 1449), Daming paper money depreciated, the government relaxed the ban on the use of silver coins, and the currency was circulated openly. In the following generations, due to the complexity of private money, copper coins were different in weight and fineness, and the prices of reserve money, private money and white money were quite different and varied, and the exchange industry was more developed. For example, when Jiajing opened the casting furnace, there were many kinds of coins, such as gold-backed ones, spiral-edged ones and so on. In this case, there are many copper coins sold and privately cast and melted, and there are also a number of financial institutions specializing in copper coin exchange, called money houses, money houses, money exchange shops, money houses, money tables or money stalls. In the eighth year of Jiajing (1592), the phenomenon of selling copper coins privately was rampant, and the court ordered the ban on the sale of copper coins. As a result, banks and money houses engaged in currency exchange business "closed the money market privately, leading to soaring prices". In the fifth year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1577), Pang approved the establishment of a bank, which was the beginning of the legalization of the bank. Wealthy families in towns are appointed to their posts, and they use their funds to buy funds from the government to promote transactions.
From money houses to money houses, many money houses did not simply change money at first, but often went to other industries. For example, the originator of Shanghai Qianzhuang is "a native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang". It is said that "during the Qianlong period, a charcoal stack was opened in the old town of Heather, and it also engaged in coin exchange business"; Fang Qi, the originator of Ningbo's money industry, was originally a shoemaker. For example, banks in Nanjing and Jiujiang have "lottery players"; Leping has a "cloth shop operator"; In Nanchang, Shanghai and other places, some money houses are also called "Qianmipu" because they are also engaged in rice industry.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Qianzhuang became an independent financial institution, which not only conducted exchange transactions, but also borrowed money, providing convenience for posting and withdrawing money. It turns out that the conference tickets exchanged between the two places have also become a credit circulation tool for banks to issue paper money. In addition, some small-scale money exchange shops and rice shops are quite active in rural areas. With the development of banks and the increase of the number of households, banks' guild organizations appeared in various parts of the Qing Dynasty.