The formulation of new economic policies. First of all, successive years of war have seriously damaged the national economy of Soviet Russia, seriously lacking the necessities of life, and the people's lives are miserable. Secondly, economic destruction has caused serious political consequences. Due to the lack of food and raw materials, most factories can't start, and many workers leave the factory and run back to the countryside because of hunger. The working class is scattered, and the rural situation is more severe. The peasants refused to accept the wartime communist policy. They strongly oppose the surplus grain collection system and demand freedom of operation and trade. Farmers' dissatisfaction affected the army. 192l In February, a mutiny of sailors occurred in Kranstadt, the main base of the Baltic Fleet, which was quickly quelled. However, the situation of the Soviet regime is still very critical. Lenin said: "We suffered a serious economic crisis and political crisis in the spring of 192 1." Third, 192 1 In March, the Communist Party of Russia (Bolshevik) held the "Tenth Congress", at which Lenin made a report on replacing the surplus grain collection system with material tax. According to Lenin's report, the General Assembly passed a resolution and decided to cancel the surplus grain collection system and implement the grain tax. From then on, the transition from wartime communist policy to new economic policy began.
(1) The proletarian regime has been consolidated and the economic lifeline is in the hands of the state; (2) Lenin and other * * * tried to make a direct transition to socialism through the wartime communist policy and failed; The people became increasingly dissatisfied with the wartime communist policy, and even riots broke out among farmers and soldiers.
Lenin's new economic policy is a transitional strategy when military communism can no longer adapt to the new situation. It abolished the surplus grain collection system, implemented the real tax, restored the monetary relationship and commodity circulation, prospered the market economy, straightened out the relationship between farmers and the working class, and tried to transition to socialism by promoting state capitalism. However, due to Lenin's early death, the new economic policy died. Today, the new economic policy still has enlightenment and reference significance for China to build socialism with China characteristics.
Content:
The main content of the "new economic policy" is to allow a variety of economic components to exist, invigorate the economy through commodity exchange, currency circulation and free trade, and cultivate state capitalism. Use foreign capital and technology to accelerate economic development and use capitalism to build socialism. Lenin's thought is of great practical significance. Lenin believes that "the new economic policy is not an expedient measure, but a long-term concept, a policy to be implemented for a long time in a few years, and the only way for us to build a socialist economy." It is worth noting that Lenin's exposition is not only aimed at the socialist transition period, but also refers to the socialist construction period. Lenin clearly realized the long-term nature of socialist construction. His exposition objectively answers how backward countries build socialism, the process of socialist development and its long-term nature. Lenin's classic exposition and practice are the ideological basis and theoretical source of Deng Xiaoping's primary stage theory.
Agriculture: replacing the surplus grain collection system with grain tax. Farmers pay a certain grain tax in accordance with state regulations, and the surplus grain in excess of the tax goes to individuals, greatly reducing the burden on farmers. 192 1 March 21day, the law on the collection system of replacing surplus grain with real tax was promulgated, stipulating that surplus grain and other agricultural products can be exchanged in the market after farmers pay grain tax. The tax amount of grain tax is much less than that of surplus grain collection system, and the national tax amount of 192 1- 1922 is 43.3% lower than that of the previous year. 1922, the government passed the outline of the land law, allowing farmers to freely use and lease land and hire workers under the supervision of the Soviet Union.
Industry: Under the premise of adhering to the development of socialist mass production and the state grasping the lifeline of the national economy, some state-owned enterprises will be transformed into state-owned capitalist enterprises in the form of leasing system and franchise system. 1920, 1 1 In the afternoon, the concession law was promulgated, allowing foreign capitalists to operate concession enterprises in Soviet Russia or form joint-stock companies with Soviet countries. 192 1 may. The state returned some small enterprises to their original owners. In July, it was decided to lease a number of small and medium-sized factories and shops to domestic cooperatives or individuals. These franchising and leasing enterprises are privately operated and the ownership belongs to the state. The lessee must accept the supervision and guidance of the state, abide by the laws and regulations of the Soviet Union, pay the rent and a certain percentage of profits on schedule, and return the enterprise to the Soviet Union in good condition when it expires. Third, in circulation (commerce): abolish the state rationing system and the state trade monopoly system. On the premise of adhering to the leadership of the state plan, we will implement a free trade system and vigorously develop the socialist commodity economy.
Agriculture: grain tax is implemented, and the surplus grain after tax is owned by farmers themselves; Farmers are allowed to lease land and hire workers in a limited way. (2) Industry: Important factories and mines related to the lifeline of the national economy are still owned by the state, while small and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises that the state is temporarily unable to set up are allowed to operate by domestic and foreign capitalists; Restore private small businesses. (3) Circulation: Free trade is allowed. (4) Distribution principle: distribution according to work.
1. The amount of real grain tax is lower than the surplus grain collection system. Before spring ploughing, the amount of grain tax must be announced, and the tax payment period must be clearly stipulated so that farmers can know fairly well. After paying the grain tax, the remaining grain is completely at the disposal of farmers, who can trade freely. 2. Send some small enterprises back to private operation to increase the total amount of social products and material wealth.
3. Prepare to implement "franchise system" and "lease system". The former is to lease the country's factories and mines to foreign capitalists, while the latter is to lease some small and medium-sized enterprises to domestic capitalists for production, and the country will get taxes and products. Due to objective reasons, neither of these two forms of state capitalism has been greatly developed. (4) Advocate economic accounting in management mode.
Reform and opening up (because China's reform involves a wide range, in order to facilitate comparison with the new economic policy, only the content of economic system reform is discussed here).
Implementation effect (function): The fundamental purpose is to establish a socialist economic foundation.
It has improved farmers' enthusiasm for production, vigorously developed the commodity economy and promoted the recovery and development of the national economy.
With the implementation of the new economic policy, the crisis of 192 1 spring quickly disappeared and production steadily resumed. It meets the economic requirements of workers and is welcomed by farmers and workers. The alliance of workers and peasants was consolidated, and the Soviet regime was consolidated day by day. It explored the ways and methods of building socialism in small-scale peasant countries, promoted the development of productive forces, and created conditions for the Soviet Union to realize socialist industrialization and agricultural collectivization and the transition from capitalism to socialism. Some of its principles and experiences provide valuable historical experience for the international communist movement, which is a significant development of Marx's theory of meaning.
It liberates and develops productive forces, develops the economy and alleviates the contradiction between workers and peasants through the relationship between the market and commodity currency on the premise that the proletariat grasps the political power and the lifeline of the national economy, and it is a partial adjustment of production relations.
The implementation of the new economic policy shows that Lenin and the Bolshevik Party abandoned the idea and practice of direct transition from wartime communist policy to socialism, and began to explore new ways of transition to socialism from the national conditions.
Revelation:
We should proceed from the national conditions, use the relationship between goods and money to develop production, improve and consolidate the alliance of workers and peasants, and gradually transition to socialism.
Socialism should vigorously develop the market economy, which does not mean to form a highly centralized economic system, but to take the public ownership economy as the main body and a variety of economic systems coexist.
China's road is based on the experience and lessons of predecessors, and innovation is fundamental.
Proceed from reality and resolutely use economic means to deal with and solve practical contradictions and problems, which is the commodity economy.
Throughout the long river of human history, we will find that commodities, exchanges and markets are not unique to any ideology, but an economic law, which is an objective economic law that is independent of human will. Once it is forcibly strangled and destroyed, it will eventually be punished by economic laws.
Lenin called the new economic policy "retreat", which was a retreat to capitalism. "We should not only return to state capitalism, but also return to commerce and currency circulation regulated by the state" and "develop state capitalism on a new road".
It can be said that Lenin's new economic policy "ate crabs" in Marx's theoretical circle for the first time. Deng Xiaoping pointed out directly from the angle of economics that commodity economy is not capitalism and market economy is not capitalism. Socialism should also engage in commodity economy and market economy, so as to clear theoretical obstacles for the smooth and long-term development of reform and opening up. In the practice of socialist construction, Deng Xiaoping started from China's concrete practice, constantly innovating, developing and enriching Marxist theory, and constantly educating our party member cadres to come from practice and go from practice, and everything should be practice-oriented. So as to push our socialist construction to a climax. What is even more gratifying is that the third generation leading collective of our party can inherit the essence of Deng Xiaoping Theory Thought, seek truth from facts, emancipate the mind, forge ahead into the future, keep pace with the times, and constantly combine the essence of Marxist theory with the new situation and new problems in the process of socialist construction in China to form a theoretical thought suitable for China's specific actual situation. Only in this way can there be a good situation of socialist construction in China and a good situation of continuous development and a well-off society in an all-round way.
The reason, essence and significance of the implementation of the new economic policy
192 1 year, the tenth congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) adopted the decision to replace the surplus grain collection system with grain tax, which marked the transformation from wartime communist policy to new economic policy. The reasons are mainly analyzed from two aspects: the direct reason is to overcome the negative consequences caused by the wartime communist policy and get rid of the economic crisis and political crisis; From a deeper perspective, the wartime communist policy as a model of building socialism has failed in practice, and the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) needs to find new ways and new models. The essence of the new economic policy is to allow capitalism to recover and develop in a certain range and to a certain extent, and to build a socialist economic system by using commodity-currency relations and markets.
Generally speaking, the significance of the new economic policy has two points: first, it has consolidated the alliance of workers and peasants and mobilized the production enthusiasm of the broad masses of workers and peasants, thus accelerating the recovery and development of the national economy; Second, the new economic policy is Lenin's great practice of exploring new ways and methods to build socialism according to Russia's backward economy and low productivity. It is a major breakthrough in traditional socialist theory and creatively develops scientific socialism.
The biggest difference between the wartime communist policy and the new economic policy is that the former should go beyond capitalism and make a direct transition to socialism, while the latter uses capitalism to make a gradual transition to socialism through the market.