Ergon River is the cradle of Mongolian history. "Mongolia" was originally just the name of one of the Mongolian tribes, and gradually unified the tribes before it evolved into the general name of these tribes. Around the 7th century AD, the Mongolian department began to migrate from the Ergon Valley to the Mongolian grassland in the west. /kloc-in the 20th century, the descendants of these people were divided into many tribes, such as Qiyan, Zadalan and Taichiwu, and scattered in the Enen River, the Krulun River, the upper reaches of tuul river and the east of Kent Mountain. At that time, there were Tatar people, Wengji stabbing people, Meiere begging people, Ivo stabbing people, Kelie people and Wanggu people in Mongolian grassland and forest areas around Lake Baikal. /kloc-At the beginning of the third century, Temujin, the leader of Mongolian ministries, conquered and unified Mongolian ministries and gradually merged into a new national community. 1206, Temujin was called Khan, became Keith, and established the Mongolian aristocratic regime-Mongolia. Since then, a strong, stable and developing ethnic group, the Mongolian, has appeared in northern China for the first time. After Genghis Khan, the leader of Mongolia, established political power, he launched a large-scale military activity. 1211-1260 destroyed Xixia and Jin successively, and its territory expanded to Central Asia and South Russia. After Kublai Khan became a Khan, he moved to Yanjing (now Beijing) and changed his country name to Yuan in 127 1. The Southern Song Dynasty perished in 1279, which unified the whole country, basically laid the territory of a unified multi-ethnic country in China, and strengthened the ties among all ethnic groups. The Yuan Dynasty perished in 1368. Later, in the Ming Dynasty, more than 20 Mongolian health clinics were set up in western Liaodong, southern Monan, northern Gansu and Hami, all of which were under the responsibility of Mongolian feudal lords. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, the Tatar Department of Moxi Mongwa and the Tatar Department of East Mongolia successively paid tribute to the Ming Dynasty, and established the relationship between vassal and vassal. Before the Ming Dynasty, Jurchen established the post-Jin regime. After 636, the Jin Dynasty changed to the Qing Dynasty, and the feudal lords of Monan Mongolia were also conquered by the Qing Dynasty. 1644 after the demise of the Ming dynasty, customs clearance unified the whole country until 1757 pacified Junggar. At this point, the Mongols were completely under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In order to strengthen the rule of the Mongols, the Qing Dynasty established the League Flag system in Mongolia on the basis of readjusting the original feudal lords of Mongolia and referring to the Eight Banners system of the Manchu Dynasty. A series of imperial edicts with the League Flag system as the core were promulgated, which consolidated and developed the feudal system in Mongolia. The strengthening of Mongolian rule in the Qing Dynasty effectively stopped feudal separatism and wars, stabilized Mongolian society for nearly 200 years, and greatly developed the animal husbandry economy. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians have made contributions to many scientific and cultural fields in the motherland. For example, the important Mongolian history written in the middle of13rd century, the famous literary masterpiece The Secret History of Mongolia, and the famous literary work The First Floor in Qing Dynasty. Mongolians have also made important contributions in medicine, calendar and mathematics.

1840 After the Opium War broke out, the Mongolian people took an active part in the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. At that time, the officers and men of the Eight Banners and the soldiers and civilians of all ethnic groups stationed on the southeast coast of Mongolia rose up against the enemy. 184 1 year1October Mongolian patriotic general Yu Qian commanded the soldiers of three towns to fight for six days and nights in Dinghai, Zhejiang, and died heroically. In April of the following year, the British invaded Zhapu, and 7,000 defenders fought back heroically, including more than 800 officers and men of the Eight Banners of Mongolia, and more than 200 officers and men of Mongolia died. When the British invaded Bohai Bay in the First Opium War, 5000 Mongolian soldiers from Dongsanmeng and Chahar Banner in Inner Mongolia were transferred to Haikou, Tianjin for defense. Mongolia donated a lot of horses and silver to support the front. 1856, Britain and France launched the second opium war. 1860, when the British and French allied forces captured Tianjin and Beijing, Prince Sengelinqin was ordered to call up Mongolian cavalry from various leagues in Inner Mongolia to participate in the war. In the third battle of Dagukou and Baliqiao, he fought bravely against the invaders. More than 4,000 Mongolian cavalry took part in the second battle of Dagukou, sinking 5 enemy ships and injuring 6, and the British and French aggressors suffered 592 casualties and won. In the third Dagukou Defence War, Mongolian patriotic general Le Shan led 1000 officers and men to stick to the fortress and fight to the death, all of whom died for their country. In the battle to defend Beijing Bali Bridge; 4,000 Mongolian cavalry were mobilized from Zhuosutu League, Zhaowuda League, Zhelimu League, Chahar and other places, killing and injuring the enemy 1000 people. Mongolian cavalry also had great sacrifices; During the two Opium Wars, Mongolian cavalry fought against the enemy's foreign guns with bows, arrows and sabres, and wrote tragic poems about patriotism and love for the people in China's modern history. 1900 or so, the anti-religious struggle echoed by the Boxer Rebellion spread all over the flags of the East-West Union. From 1858, the Yike Zhaomeng "Dugui Long" movement to the large-scale struggle against feudal taxation, reclamation and land occupation on the eve of the Revolution of 1911, there were 10 times.

19 1 1 After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, Mongolian intellectuals and elites actively participated in the Revolution of 1911 in order to seek the freedom and liberation of Mongolians. After the founding of China, the Mongolian revolutionary struggle entered a new historical stage. Mongolian advanced elements, represented by Comrade Ulanhu, joined China to lead the Inner Mongolia revolution and fought resolutely against the Kuomintang reactionaries, Japanese imperialism and ethnic separatist forces. In the War of Liberation, Mongolian cavalry fought bravely, wiped out more than 20,000 enemy troops, seized more than 20,000 war horses and more than 10,000 guns, and made great contributions to the cause of national liberation and the establishment of new China. 1947 In May, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the first minority autonomous region in China, was established, which realized a new historical turning point for the Mongolian people. Inner Mongolia is a provincial-level ethnic autonomous area with regional autonomy and the earliest autonomous region established in China.

Historically, the social form of Manchu has gone through several stages.

From the middle of16th century to the beginning of17th century, the direct ancestor of Manchu was divided into three parts. Among them, Jianzhou Jurchen and Haixi Jurchen are in slave society, and the slow-developing Donghai Jurchen is still in the primitive commune clan tribe period.

After Manchu entered Liaoshen area, due to a series of political and economic changes, its social form began to transform into feudal society. 1644, the emperor shunzhi moved the capital to Beijing. Since then, the Manchu society has completely entered the feudal society because it inherited all the feudal legal system and political power models of the Ming Dynasty. Some Manchu people who stayed outside the customs were still at the end of primitive society.

1In the 1940s, after the Opium War broke out, due to the invasion of western powers and the signing of a series of unequal treaties, China society gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

From 65438 to 0949, the new socialist China was founded, and Manchu people lived in the socialist society and became a member of the Chinese nation.

The social politics of Manchu has a great influence in the history of China.

16 16 years, Nurhachi, the outstanding leader of Jianzhou Nuzhen (the predecessor of Manchu), unified the ministries of Nuzhen and established the "Dajin Kingdom" in Hetuala (the old town of Yinxin County, Liaoning Province), which was called "Houjin" in history. This is the regime of the slave owners. The Eight Banners system is its basic political system. 1636, Huang taiji proclaimed himself emperor and changed his country name to "Daqing", which marked the further consolidation and expansion of the post-Jin regime. From 65438 to 0644, the emperor shunzhi moved to Beijing and established a centralized feudal dynasty, which inherited almost all the feudal legal and political systems of the Ming Dynasty.

After the Manchu entered the customs, in order to expand and consolidate the feudal privileges in politics and economy, the Qing Dynasty formulated a series of class oppression policies in the form of national oppression. On the one hand, Manchu nobles hold military and political power and are in an extremely superior position in politics; On the other hand, the rulers of the Manchu Dynasty successively implemented the policies of national oppression and slavery, such as shaving hair, changing clothes, throwing money, and fleeing into the law. The social contradiction at that time was a national contradiction with class contradiction as its essence. Since Kangxi, the Manchu rulers have carried out many reforms, and the main social contradictions have tended to ease.

From the early years of Kangxi to before the Opium War, the Manchu government achieved national reunification through the equal civil war between San Francisco and Junggar and the unification of Taiwan Province Province, and consolidated China's frontier and stopped foreign aggression through previous wars of self-defense. According to the different situations in different regions, a series of local administrative system reforms were carried out, including a large-scale "returning farmland to streams" in southwestern provinces, and a local administrative system directly managed by the central government and suitable for local characteristics was determined, which played a key role in consolidating and establishing China's unity and territorial integrity.

Due to the "closed door" foreign policy of the Manchu government and the political corruption of the feudal autocratic dynasty,1at the end of the 8th century1at the beginning of the 9th century, China was far behind the western capitalist countries. After the Opium War, the Qing court was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties. The Qing court became the court of foreigners, and the Manchu regime began to decline. Under the influence of bourgeois reformism, some enlightened people and middle and lower officials in the Qing Dynasty began to carry out political changes. From 65438 to 0898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated a political program with bourgeois reformism, trying to reform and reform, but it was opposed and destroyed by the old school headed by Yehrana, the Empress Dowager of Qing Dynasty, and finally failed.

19 1 1 year, the Manchu dynasty was overthrown by the Revolution of 1911.

1932, Japanese imperialism used the Manchu Dynasty to abolish Emperor Guangxu, and established the puppet regime of Manchukuo in the northeast of China, which became a colony.

1949, New China was founded. Manchu people have become equal members of the Chinese nation. Under the national policy of "democracy, equality and common prosperity", the political rights of Manchu people are guaranteed. According to the system of regional ethnic autonomy, autonomous counties and townships have been established in Manchu inhabited areas to allow Manchu people to exercise their autonomy. Through democratic elections, the Manchu people, together with representatives of other ethnic groups, participate in state affairs and exercise their power to manage state affairs.