CPU is the abbreviation of Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is the most important part of a computer and consists of an arithmetic unit and a controller. If the computer is compared to a person, then the CPU is the human brain. The development of CPU is very rapid. It took less than twenty years for personal computers to develop from 8088(XT) to Pentium 4 era.

In the production process, the original 8088 integrated 29,000 transistors, while Pentium III III integrated more than 2,865,438+10,000 transistors. The running speed of CPU, in MIPS (millions of instructions per second), 8088 is 0.75MIPS, which has exceeded 1000MIPS in high-energy operation. No matter what kind of CPU, its internal structure can be summarized into three parts: control unit, logic unit and storage unit, which coordinate with each other, analyze, judge and calculate commands and data, and control the coordination of various parts of the computer.

It has been more than 20 years since the initial development of CPU. During this period, CPU can be divided into 4-bit microprocessor, 8-bit microprocessor, 16-bit microprocessor, 32-bit microprocessor and 64-bit microprocessor under construction. It can be said that the development of personal computers is advancing with the development of CPU.

intel 4004

197 1 year, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor 4004, which is the first four-bit microprocessor that can be used in a microcomputer, and it contains 2300 transistors. Subsequently, Intel introduced 8008, and the market reaction was very unsatisfactory due to poor computing performance. 1974,8008 developed into 8080, becoming the second generation microprocessor. 8080, as a device to replace electronic logic circuits, is used in various application circuits and devices. Without a microprocessor, these applications cannot be realized.

Because microprocessors can be used to complete many computing tasks that used to be completed with large equipment, and the price is cheap, semiconductor companies began to compete to produce microprocessor chips. Zilog Company produced 8080 enhanced Z80, Motorola Company produced 6800 and Intel Company produced 8085 in 1976, but these chips basically did not change the basic characteristics of 8080, and they all belong to the second generation microprocessor. They all adopt NMOS technology, integrate about 9000 transistors, and the average instruction execution time is1μ s ~ 2μ s. They are programmed in assembly language, BASIC and Fortran, and use a single-user operating system.

Intel 8086

1978 8086 produced by Intel Corporation is the first microprocessor with 16 bits. Soon, Zilog and Motorola also announced plans to produce Z8000 and 68000. This is the starting point of the third generation microprocessor.

The maximum clock speed of 8086 microprocessor is 8MHz, the data channel is 16 bits, and the memory addressing ability is 1MB. At the same time, Intel also produced a matching math coprocessor i8087. These two chips use compatible instruction sets, but some instructions specially used for mathematical calculations such as logarithm, exponent and trigonometric function are added to the i8087 instruction set. These instruction sets are collectively referred to as x86 instruction sets. Although Intel produced more advanced and faster new CPUs such as the second generation and the third generation, they were still compatible with the original x86 instructions. Intel also followed the original x86 order when naming subsequent CPUs until it gave up naming with Arabic numerals due to trademark registration problems.

1979, Intel developed 8088. Both 8086 and 8088 use 16 bit data transmission inside the chip, so they are both called 16 bit microprocessors, but 8086 can send or receive 16 bit data every cycle, while 8088 only uses 8 bits every cycle. Because most of the original devices and chips are 8-bit, the external 8-bit data transceiver of 8088 can be compatible with these devices. 8088 is packaged in 40-pin DIP, and its operating frequency is 6.66MHz, 7. 16MHz or 8MHz. The microprocessor integrates about 29,000 transistors.

Shortly after 8086 and 8088 came out, Intel began to improve them, and they integrated more functions on the chip, thus giving birth to 80 186 and 80 188. Both microprocessors use 16 bits to work internally, 16 bits are used for external input and output of 80 186, and 80 188 works with 8 bits just like 8088.

198 1 year, American IBM company used 8088 chip in its PC, thus creating a brand-new microcomputer era. Also from 8088, the concept of personal computer (PC) began to develop all over the world. Since 8088 was applied to IBM PC, personal computers have really entered people's work and life, which also marks the beginning of a new era.

Intel 80286

1982, Intel developed 80286 microprocessor based on 8086. The maximum frequency of the microprocessor is 20MHz, the internal and external data transmission is 16 bits, and the memory addressing capacity is 16MB. 80286 can work in two ways, one is called real mode and the other is called protection mode.

In real mode, the total amount of memory that the microprocessor can access is limited to 1 megabyte; In protected mode, 80286 can directly access 16 megabytes of memory. In addition, 80286 works in protected mode, which can protect the operating system from stopping the system when it encounters abnormal applications, unlike unprotected microprocessors such as real mode or 8086.

IBM used 80286 microprocessor in advanced technology microcomputer, namely at computer, which caused a great sensation. 80286 is significantly improved over its predecessors in the following four aspects: supporting larger memory; Able to simulate memory space; You can run multiple tasks at the same time; And the processing speed is improved. The earliest PC speed was 4MHz, and the speed of the first AT machine based on 80286 was 6MHz to 8MHz. Some manufacturers have also increased their own speed, making 80286 reach 20MHz, which means that the performance has made great progress.

The package of 80286 is a square package called PGA. PGA is an inexpensive package from PLCC with internal and external solid pins. In this package, 80286 integrates about 130000 transistors.

The bus of IBM PC/AT microcomputer keeps the three-layer bus structure of XT, and adds the conversion logic between high and low byte bus drivers and high byte bus. Like XT machine, CPU is soldered on the motherboard.

At that time, the original installation only referred to IBM PC, and the compatible machine was other machines besides IBM PC. At that time, besides Intel, there were other companies that produced CPU, such as AMD and Siemens. People didn't care about the CPU used in their computers, because the CPU produced by AMD and other companies was almost the same as Intel's, and people didn't care about their own CPU until 486.

The era of 8086 ~ 80286 is the era when personal computers started. At that time, few people in China used or even saw PC, which was a very mysterious thing in people's minds. It was not until the early 1990s that computers became popular in China.

Intel 80386

1in the spring of 985, Intel has become a first-class chip company, determined to fully develop a new generation of 32-bit core CPU——80386. Intel designed three technical points for 80386: adopting "class 286" structure, developing 80387 microprocessor to enhance floating-point computing ability, and developing cache to solve the memory speed bottleneck.

198565438+1October 17, Intel's epoch-making product 80386DX was officially released. It contains 275,000 transistors, the clock frequency is 12.5MHz, and then gradually increased to 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz, and finally there are a few products with 40MHz.

80386DX has 32-bit internal and external data bus and 32-bit address bus, which can address 4GB of memory and manage 64TB of virtual storage space. In addition to real mode and protection mode, its operation mode also adds a virtual 86 working mode, which can provide multi-task capability by simulating multiple 8086 microprocessors at the same time.

80386DX has more instructions than 80286. 80386 at 12.5MHz can execute 6 million instructions per second, which is 2.2 times faster than 80286 at 16MHz. The most classic product of 80386 is 80386 DX-33 MHz, which is what we usually call it.

Due to the powerful computing power of 32-bit microprocessor, the application of PC has been extended to many fields, such as business office and calculation, engineering design and calculation, data center and personal entertainment. 80386 makes 32-bit CPU the standard of PC industry.

Although 80386 didn't have a perfect and powerful floating-point operation unit at that time, with 80387 coprocessor, 80386 could successfully complete many tasks that required a lot of floating-point operations, thus successfully entering the mainstream commercial computer market. In addition, 30386 has other rich peripheral accessories, such as 82258(DMA controller), 8259A (interrupt controller), 8272 (disk controller), 82385 (cache controller) and 82062 (hard disk controller). Aiming at the speed bottleneck of memory, Intel designed a Cache for 80386, and used the method of pre-reading memory to alleviate this speed bottleneck. Since then, cache and CPU have become inseparable.

Intel 80387/80287

Strictly speaking, 80387 is not a real CPU, but a co-processing chip with 80386DX, which means that 80387 can only assist 80386 to complete floating-point operations, and its function is very simple.

Intel 80386SX

1989, Intel introduced the quasi-32-bit microprocessor chip 80386SX. This is a cheap and popular CPU introduced by Intel to expand its market share. Its internal data bus is 32 bits, and its external data bus is 16 bits. The 16-bit input/output interface chip developed for 80286 can be accepted, which reduces the cost of the whole machine.

After its launch, 80386SX has been widely welcomed by the market, because its performance is much better than that of 80286, and its price is only one third of that of 80386.

Intel 80386SL/80386DL

1990, Intel introduced 80386SL and 80386DL 386 chips for notebook computers. These two types of chips can be said to be energy saving of 80386DX/SX, in which 80386DL is based on 80386DX core and 80386SL is based on 80386SX core. These two kinds of chips not only have lower power consumption, but also have power management function, which automatically cuts off the power supply when the CPU is not working.

Motorola 68000

Motorola's 68000 is the earliest 32-bit microprocessor, which is 1984. After listing, it has excellent performance and won the favor of Apple, and adopted this chip in its epoch-making personal computer "PC-MAC". But after the launch of 80386, it gradually declined.

AMD Am386SX/DX

AMD's Am386SX/DX is a third-party chip compatible with 80386DX, and its performance is similar to Intel's 80386DX, which became one of the mainstream products at that time.

IBM 386SLC

This is designed by IBM on the basis of studying 80386, which is completely compatible with 80386 and made by Intel. 386SLC is basically an instruction set with built-in cache on the basis of 80386SX, and it also contains 80486SX, with good performance.

Intel 80486

1989, the 80486 chip that we are all familiar with is introduced by Intel. The greatness of this chip, which took four years to develop and invested $300 million, is that it actually broke the boundary of 6,543.8+0,000 transistors for the first time, integrated 6,543.8+0.2 million transistors, and adopted a manufacturing process of 654.38+0 micron. The clock frequency of 80486 is gradually increased from 25MHz to 33MHz, 40MHz and 50MHz.

80486 integrates 80386, math coprocessor 80387 and 8KB cache on one chip. The digital operation speed of 80487 integrated in 80486 is twice that of the previous 80387, and the internal cache shortens the waiting time of microprocessor and slow DRAM. Moreover, the 80x86 series adopts RISC (Reduced Instruction Set) technology for the first time, and one instruction can be executed in one clock cycle. It also adopts the burst bus mode, which greatly improves the data exchange speed with the memory. Because of these improvements, the performance of 80486 is four times higher than that of 80386 DX with 80387 math coprocessor.

With the continuous development of chip technology, the main frequency of CPU is getting faster and faster, while the external devices of PC are limited by technology, which hinders the further improvement of the main frequency of CPU. In this case, the CPU frequency doubling technology appears, which makes the internal working frequency of CPU 2 ~ 3 times that of the external frequency of microprocessor, hence the names 486 DX2 and 486 DX4.

Intel 80486 DX

Common 80486 CPU are 80486 DX-33, 40 and 50. Like 386 DX, 486 CPU has 32 bits inside and outside, but the slowest 486 CPU is also faster than the fastest 386 CPU. This is because 486 SX/DX only needs one oscillation cycle to execute an instruction, while 386DX CPU needs two cycles.

Intel 80486 SX

Because the 80486 DX CPU has a built-in floating-point coprocessor, it is powerful and of course expensive. In order to meet the needs of ordinary users, especially those who don't need to do a lot of floating-point operations, Intel introduced the 486 SX CPU. 80486 SX motherboards generally have 80487 coprocessor slots. If you need the function of floating-point coprocessor, you can insert an 80487 coprocessor chip, which is equivalent to 486 DX. Common 80486SX CPUs are: 80486SX-25,33.

Intel 80486 DX2/DX4

In fact, the name of this CPU is related to the frequency. The internal frequency of this CPU is two-quarters of the motherboard frequency, such as 80486DX2-66. The CPU frequency is 66MHz, while the motherboard frequency is only 33MHz.

Intel 80486 SL CPU

80486 SL CPU was originally designed for notebook computers and other portable computers. This chip, like the 386SL, uses 3.3V power supply instead of 5V power supply, and also has built-in cut-off circuit, so that the microprocessor and other optional components are in a dormant state when not working, which can reduce the energy consumption of notebook computers and other portable computers and prolong the service life.

Intel 486 overspeed drive

Upgrading 486 SX can install an 80487SX chip in the coprocessor slot of the motherboard, which is equivalent to 486 DX. However, after the upgrade, it only increases the capacity of floating-point coprocessor, but does not improve the speed of the system. In order to improve the system speed, there is another upgrade method, which is to insert a 486 OverDrive CPU in the slot of the coprocessor. Its principle is the same as that of 486 DX2 CPU, and its internal running speed can reach twice the external speed. For example, after an OverDrive CPU is plugged into a 20MHz motherboard, the internal running speed of the CPU can reach 40MHz. 486 OverDrive CPU also has the function of floating-point coprocessor, the common ones are: overdrive-50, 66, 80.

TI 486 DX

As one of the world-famous semiconductor manufacturers, Texas Instruments (TI) of the United States also sprang up in the 486 era and produced its own 486 DX series CPU. Especially after 486DX2 became the mainstream, its DX2-80 became one of the mainstream products at that time because of its high cost performance. The highest frequency of TI 486 is DX4- 100, but it has never entered the CPU market.

Cyrix 486DLC

This is the 486 CPU produced by Cyrix company. To say that it is 486 CPU means that its efficiency is close to 486 CPU, but it is not strictly 486 CPU, which depends on its characteristics. 486DLC CPU only combines 386DX CPU and 1K Cache on one chip, and there is no floating-point coprocessor, so it takes two oscillation cycles to execute an instruction. However, due to the exquisite design of the 486DLC CPU, the efficiency of the 486DLC-33 CPU is close to that of Intel's 486SX-25, while the price of the 486DLC-40 CPU is higher than that of the 486SX-25, and the price of the 486DLC-40 CPU is also lower than that of the 486SX-25. The 486DLC CPU is designed to upgrade the 386DM. If you have a 386 computer and want to upgrade to 486, but don't want to replace the motherboard, you can unplug the original 386 CPU and plug in a 486DLC CPU.

Cyrix 5x86

Because Intel developed Pentium in a different way, Cyrix also quickly launched its own new generation product 5x86. The original 486 series CPU socket is still continued, and the main frequency is increased from 100MHz to 120MHz. Compared with 486 and 5x86, the performance is improved, but compared with Pentium, not only the floating-point performance is far from enough, but even the integer operation performance that Cyrix has always been proud of is not so superb, giving people a feeling that the heart is willing but unable to do so. Because 5x86 can use 486 motherboard, it is generally considered as a transitional product.

AMD 5x86

AMD 486DX is a sharp weapon for AMD in the 486 market. Built-in 16KB write-back cache opens the era of single-cycle multi-instruction. It also has paging virtual memory management technology. Because TI launched 486DX2-80 at a very low price, Intel also launched Pentium series, and AMD launched 5x86 series CPU to seize the market vacancy. It is a 486-class product with the highest frequency, namely 5x86- 120 and 133. It adopts integrated 16K write-back buffer, 0.35μ m process, 33×4 133 frequency, and its performance is directed at Pentium 75, with less power consumption than Pentium.

Intel Pentium

1993, a new generation of 586 CPU came out, completely surpassing 486. In order to get rid of the confusion of microprocessor names in the 486 era, Intel named its new generation product Pentium to distinguish AMD and Cyrix products. AMD and Cyrix also introduced K5 and 6x86 microprocessors respectively to deal with chip giants, but because Pentium microprocessors have the best performance, Intel gradually occupied most of the market.

The main CPU of Pentium is Pentium 60 and Pentium 66, which work at the same frequency as the system bus at 60MHz and 66MHz respectively, and there is no frequency doubling setting as we are talking about now.

Early Pentium 75 MHz ~ 120MHz used 0.5 micron manufacturing process, and later Pentium above 120MHz used 0.35 micron manufacturing process. The performance of the classic Pentium is quite average, with good integer operation and floating-point operation.

Intel Pentium MMX

In order to improve the computer's application ability in multimedia and 3D graphics, many new instruction sets came into being, among which the most famous three are Intel's MMX, SSE and AMD's 3D NOW! . MMX(MultiMedia Extensions) is a multimedia instruction enhancement technology invented by Intel in 1996, which includes 57 multimedia instructions and can process multiple data at one time. With the cooperation of software, MMX technology can get better performance.

The official name of Pentium MMX is "Pentium with MMX technology", which was released at the end of 1996. Intel locked in the frequency doubling of its own CPU from the beginning of Pentium, but MMX's CPU has a particularly strong ability to super-frequency, and it can also super-frequency by increasing the core voltage, so overclocking was a very fashionable action at that time. The word overclocking also became popular at that time.

Multi-functional Pentium is another successful product of Intel after Pentium, and its vitality is also quite tenacious. The multifunctional Pentium has made great improvements on the basis of the original Pentium, adding on-chip 16KB data cache and 16KB instruction cache, 4-way write cache, branch prediction unit and return stack technology. Especially the newly added 57 MMX multimedia instructions make the multi-functional Pentium much faster than the Pentium CPU with the same frequency even when running non-MMX optimized programs.

These 57 MMX instructions are dedicated to processing audio, video and other data. These instructions can greatly shorten the waiting time of CPU when processing multimedia data, and make CPU have more powerful data processing ability. Different from the classic Pentium, the multi-functional Pentium adopts dual-voltage design, with a core voltage of 2.8V and a system I/O voltage of 3.3V If the motherboard does not support dual-voltage design, it cannot be upgraded to a multi-functional Pentium.

Multipurpose Pentium, code-named P55C, is the first CPU adopting MMX technology (integer unit execution), with 16KB data L 1 cache, 16KB instruction L 1 cache, SMM compatibility, 64-bit bus, 528MB/s bandwidth and 2 clock waiting time. The supported working frequencies are: 133MHz, 150MHz, 166MHz, 200MHz and 233MHz.

Intel Pentium Pro

Once upon a time, Pentium Pro was synonymous with high-end CPU, and its performance surprised many people at that time. However, Pentium Pro was a CPU with 32-bit data structure at that time, so its performance was average when running 16-bit applications, but it was still a 32-bit winner, only to be eclipsed by the appearance of MMX.

The core architecture code of Pentium Pro (high-energy Pentium, 686-level CPU) is P6 (which is also the core architecture used by P Ⅱ and P Ⅲ in the future). This is the first generation product. The secondary cache is 256KB or 5 12KB, with a maximum of 65,438+0 MB. Working frequencies are: 133/66MHz (engineering sample), 150/60MHz, 166/66MHz, 180/60MHz, 200/66MHz.

AMD K5 company

K5 is the first x86 CPU independently produced by AMD and released in 1996. Due to the development problems of K5, its launch time is much later than that of Intel Pentium. Coupled with poor performance, this unsuccessful product once made AMD lose a lot of market share. K5' s performance is very general, and its integer operation ability is not as good as Cyrix's 6x86, but it is still slightly better than Pentium's, and its floating-point operation ability is far less than Pentium's, but slightly better than Cyrix's. On the whole, K5 is a product with relatively average strength. The low price of K5 is obviously more attractive to consumers than its performance, and low price is the biggest selling point of this CPU.

AMD K6

AMD naturally didn't want Pentium to dominate the CPU market, so they launched K6 at 1997. The design index of K6 CPU is quite high. With brand-new MMX instruction and 64KB L 1 cache (twice that of Pentium MMX), the overall performance is better than that of Pentium MMX, which is close to the level of the same frequency P Ⅱ. Compared with K5, K6 can process more instructions in parallel and run at a higher clock frequency. AMD has been very successful in integer operation, but K6 is a little behind in running applications that need MMX or floating-point operation, which is much worse than Pentium with the same frequency.

K6 has 32KB data L 1 cache, 32KB instruction L 1 cache, integrated 8.8 million transistors, 0.35 micron process, five-layer CMOS, C4 and C4 processes are used to reverse-mount wafers, the core area is168m2 (68m2 for new products), and Socket7 architecture is adopted.

Cyrix 6x86/MX

Cyrix is an experienced CPU developer. As early as the x86 era, it, Intel, and AMD formed a tripartite confrontation.

Since Cyrix merged with American National Semiconductor Company, it finally has its own chip production line, and the finished products are becoming more and more perfect and complete. Cyrix's 6x86 is a Pentium-compatible microprocessor on the market.

IDT· wincheep

As a new CPU manufacturer, American IDT Company launched WinChip (C6) in 1997, and its share in the whole CPU market was less than 1%. 1998 In May, IDT released the second generation product WinChip 2.

WinChip 2 has made some improvements on the basis of the original WinChip, adding a dual-instruction MMX unit and enhancing the floating-point operation function. The performance of the improved WinChip 2 is about 10% higher than that of WinChip with the same frequency, which basically reaches the performance of Intel Pentium microprocessor.

Intel Pentium Ⅱ

From 1997 to 1998, the competition in the CPU market is extremely fierce, and the CPU chips in this period are even more colorful and dazzling.

Pentium II is called "Pentium II" in Chinese, and has a series of products with different core structures, such as Klamath, Deschutes, Mendocino, Katmai and so on. Among them, the first generation is made of Klamath core and 0.35 micron process, with 7.5 million transistors integrated inside, and the core working voltage is 2.8V V.

Pentium II microprocessor adopts dual independent bus structure, that is, one bus is connected to the secondary cache and the other bus is responsible for the main memory. Pentium Ⅱ uses an external high-speed L2 cache with a capacity of 5 12KB, and its running frequency is half of the main frequency of CPU. As compensation, Intel increased the L 1 cache of Pentium II II from 16KB to 32KB. In addition, in order to beat the competitors, Intel adopted the patented Slot 1 interface standard and SECC (Single Side Contact Box) packaging technology in Pentium II for the first time.

1998 19 On April 6th, Intel's first 350 MHz and 400 MHz CPU supporting 100MHz rated external frequency was officially launched. Pentium II microprocessor with new core not only improves the external frequency to 100MHz, but also is manufactured by 0.25 micron technology, and the working voltage of the core is also reduced from 2.8V to 2.0V. The L 1 cache and L2 cache are 32KB and 5 12KB respectively. The supported chipset is mainly Intel's 440BX.

From 1998 to 1999, Intel introduced CPU Xeon (Xeon microprocessor) which is more powerful than Pentium II II. The core of this microprocessor is similar to that of Pentium II II, the manufacturing process is 0.25 micron, and the external frequency is 100MHz. Xeon can be equipped with 2MB cache at most, running at the core frequency of CPU. It is different from the chip used by Pentium II II, and it is called CSRAM (Custom StaticRAM). In addition, it supports eight CPU systems; Using 36-bit memory address and PSE mode (PSE36 mode), the maximum memory bandwidth is 800 MB/s, and Xeon microprocessor is mainly for servers and workstation systems that require higher performance. In addition, Xeon's interface form has also changed, adopting Slot 2 architecture (supporting four microprocessors), which is slightly larger than Slot 1.

Intel Celeron (Celeron)

In order to further seize the low-end market, Intel introduced a cheap CPU-Celeron in April 1998. Celeron, originally introduced, has two versions of 266MHz and 300MHz, both of which are manufactured by Covington core and 0.35 micron process. It has190,000 transistors and 32KB first-level cache, and its working voltage is 2.0V and its external frequency is 66MHz. Compared with Pentium II, Celeron removes the on-chip L2 cache, which greatly reduces the cost. However, because there is no secondary cache, the performance of the microprocessor is greatly reduced, and its integer performance is even worse than Pentium MMX.

In order to make up for the poor performance of Celeron microprocessors due to the lack of L2 cache, and further attack competitors in the low-end market, Intel released new Celeron microprocessors-Celeron300A, 333 and 366 with Mendocino cores, shortly after launching Celeron266 and 300. Different from the old Celeron, the new Celeron is manufactured by 0.25 micron process, adopts Slot 1 architecture and SEPP package, and has built-in 32KB L 1 cache and 128KB L2 cache, which works at the same core frequency as the CPU, greatly improving the efficiency of L2 cache.

AMD K6-2

AMD officially launched K6-2 microprocessor in April 1998. Using 0.25 micron process, the chip area is reduced to 68 square millimeters, and the number of transistors is increased to 9.3 million. In addition, K6-2 has 64kL1cache, and the secondary cache is integrated on the motherboard, with the capacity ranging from 5 12KB to 2MB, the speed is synchronized with the system bus frequency, the working voltage is 2.2V, and it supports the Socket 7 architecture.

K6-2 is K6 chip plus 100MHz bus frequency, and now supports 3D! "Combination" of floating-point instructions. 3D now! Technology is a major breakthrough in x86 system, which greatly enhances the performance of intensive floating-point operations needed to deal with 3D graphics and multimedia. In addition, K6-2 supports superscalar MMX technology and bus frequency of 100MHz, which means that the transmission rate between the system and L2 cache and memory is increased by nearly 50%, thus greatly improving the performance of the whole system.

cyrix Mⅱ

Cyrix Mⅱ Ⅱ, as the last microprocessor independently developed by Cyrix Company, was produced in1March, 998. In addition to the characteristics of 6x86, the microprocessor also supports MMX instructions, with a core voltage of 2.9V and an instruction size of 256 bytes. 3.5X frequency doubling; The core integrates 6.5 million transistors and consumes 20.6 watts. 64KB L 1 cache.

Rising mp6

Rise is an American company founded in 1993+0 1, which mainly produces x86-compatible CPU.1introduced mP6 CPU in June 1998. Mp6 is not only cheap, but also has excellent performance, good multimedia performance and powerful floating-point operation. Mp6 adopts Socket 7/Super 7 compatible socket, and only has 16KB first-level cache.

Intel Pentium Ⅲ

1999 Just after the Spring Festival, Intel released a new generation of microprocessors-Pentium III with Katmai kernel. Microprocessor is manufactured by 0.25 micron technology, and 9.5 million transistors are integrated in it, with the architecture of slot 1. In addition, it has the following new features: the system bus frequency is100 MHz; ; It adopts P6 microarchitecture of the sixth generation CPU core, which is optimized for 32-bit applications and has dual independent buses. The first-level cache is 32KB( 16KB instruction cache and 16KB data cache), and the second-level cache is 5 12KB, which is half the running speed of the CPU core. SECC2 package is adopted; SSE (Streaming SIMD Extension) instruction set has been added, which can enhance audio, video and 3D graphics effects, with a total of 70 new instructions. The startup frequency of Pentium III is 450MHz.

Like Pentium II Xeon, Intel has also introduced a high-performance CPU Pentium III Xeon microprocessor for server and workstation systems. Except for Pentium Xeon500 and 550, which adopt 0.25 micron process, the microprocessor is manufactured by 0. 18 micron process, and adopts Slot 2 architecture and SECC package, with built-in 32KB first-level cache and 5 12KB second-level cache, and the working voltage is1.6v..

Intel Celeron Ⅱ

In order to further consolidate the advantages of the low-end market, on March 29th, 2000, Intel launched Celeron II with Coppermine as the core. This microprocessor is also manufactured by 0. 18 micron process, and its core is integrated with190,000 transistors in FC-PGA package. Like Celemendocino, it has a built-in 128KB L2 cache that runs synchronously with the CPU, so its kernel is also called Coppermine 128. Celeron Ⅱ does not support multiprocessor systems. However, the external frequency of Celeron Ⅱ is still only 66MHz, which greatly limits its performance.

AMD K6-ⅲ

AMD launched K6-III code-named "Sharptooth" in February 1999. It is the last CPU in the company that supports Super 7 architecture and CPGA package. Using 0.25 micron manufacturing process, the core area is 135 mm2, and 21300,000 transistors are integrated, working at 2.2V/2.4V

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