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What historical event does "the shame of Jingkang" refer to?
The shame of Jingkang refers to a famous event in the history of China, which happened during the Jingkang period of the Northern Song Emperor Song Qinzong (A.D.1126 ~1127). In April of the second year of Jingkang, Jin Jun invaded Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan) and searched the city for several days. Hui Zong, Emperor Qinzong, empresses, princes, royalty, Guiqing and other thousands of people were captured, and then retreated to the north, leaving Tokyo's public and private savings empty. The Northern Song Dynasty perished. Also known as the difficulty of Jingkang, the disaster of Jingkang and the change of Jingkang.

Historical background

In A.D. 1 120, Song and Jin countries formed a maritime alliance, and agreed that Jin would attack Liaozhongjing and Song would attack Liaoyanjing. After the job is done, the sixteen counties will be returned to Song, and the rest of the land will be returned to Jin. Later, the nomads from northern Liaoning attacked Beijing, and 200,000 troops were defeated in the Song Dynasty. Yanjing was captured by the Jin people, Emperor Tianzuo was captured, and the Liao country perished. The battle between Jin and Liao exposed serious corruption. Song Ting actually asked Jin people to fulfill it, and Jin people pointed out that Song people did not fulfill their promise to attack Yan. Song Ting bought back sixteen counties with old coins. 11In July of 23, Zhang Jue, the former general of Liao State and the prefect of Jinping (now Lulong, Hebei Province), stayed in Pingzhou and defected to the Song Dynasty. He was defeated and fled to Yanjing, the former Liao Dynasty, which had just become Yanshan County in the Northern Song Dynasty. Jin people pleaded guilty on the grounds of surrendering generals privately. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yanshan government wanted to behead Zhang Jue, which caused dissatisfaction among the Han people in sixteen states. 11In August of 25, the State of Jin attacked the Song Dynasty on the grounds of the Zhang Jue incident.

The event began.

In 1 125, the Jin army marched eastward and westward to attack the Song Dynasty. Wan Yan led Wang Zong to attack Yanjing on the East Road. The west road is headed by Wan Yan Han Zong and goes straight to Taiyuan. Jinbing East Road broke Yanjing, crossed the Yellow River and went south to Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). Seeing that Song Huizong was in danger, Naichan was placed in Prince Zhao Huan, and Zhao Huan ascended the throne for Song Qinzong with tears in his eyes. 1 126 65438+ In October, Han Zong led the Jinbing East Road Army to the edge of Bianjing, forcing Song Yihe to retreat later. The Jin people demanded five million and two thousand gold and fifty million and two thousand silver coins, and ceded Zhongshan, Hejian and Taiyuan. In August of the same year, 8 jin j attacked Song in two ways; Leap in November, Jin Lianglu army stationed to conquer Bianjing. Song Qinzong personally went to the camp of Jin people to make peace, and was detained by Jin people.

The first attack on Song.

11August 25, Wan Yan and Han Zong called on the Zhang Jue Incident to attack the Song Dynasty. In October, Yan Hong Zongwang led an army from Pingzhou (now lulong county, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province) to attack Yanshan House (now southwest of Beijing). Song Yizhou (now Yixian County, Baoding City, Hebei Province) surrendered to Han Minyi. 1126 65438+1October 2), defeated Song Jun in Baihe (now Baihe Canyon in Miyun County, Beijing) and Gubeikou (now Gubeikou Town, Miyun County, Beijing); Two days later, the Song Dynasty surrendered to Guo, and the defense of Song Yanshan House collapsed. Soon, Song Zhongshan (now Dingzhou, Hebei Province) sent 30,000 reinforcements, and in June+1October, 5438+April, Song Bing broke 5,000 troops in Calm House (now Zhengding, Hebei Province), and in June+KLOC-0/October, 22+Kexin House (now Xingtai, Hebei Province).

Wan Yan Han Zong, the left deputy governor of West Road, led an army to attack Taiyuan from Datong (now Shanxi), but there was no hope of success. 11February 29, 2005, Shuozhou (now Shuozhou, Shanxi) was conquered; 1October 6 1 126, broken in Daizhou (now Daixian, Shanxi); 65438+ 13 years1October 29th, Zhongshan surrendered. Even the military plane was slow to move until it was learned that WanYanZongWang made peace with Song. 1On October 27th, Yan Hong lived in Wang Jun and crossed the Yellow River. The next day, it captured (now Huaxian County, Henan Province) and surrounded Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, on June 365438+1October 3 1 day. Li Gang, who defended Bianjing, was able to resist effectively and failed to break the city. In February, the threatened Song Dynasty took Zhao Gou, the King of Kang, and Zhang Bangchang, the Taizai, as hostages and ceded Taiyuan, Zhongshan and Hejian (now Hebei) to make peace.

The siege of Kaifeng for the first time in Song and Jin Dynasties

At this time, only the Jinguo East Road Army of Wanyanzongwang participated in the siege of Kaifeng. Hong Yanzong Han's Xi Lujun was not only stumped in Taiyuan, but also rejected the deployment of the Western Army proposed by Hong Yanzong Wang (the border guards who levied Xixia in the Song Dynasty were the most elite troops at that time), so that hundreds of Western Army troops arrived in Kaifeng smoothly, and Zong Wang passively retreated to Yang Meng in the northwest suburb of Kaifeng. Yao's army robbed Yan Zongwang's camp and was wiped out. It was pointed out that Li Bangyan and Li Chang, the capitulators, intentionally or unintentionally revealed the news to the spy Deng Gui to force the hawkish Li Gang to make peace. After the failure to rob the village, Li Gang and Zhongshidao were revoked military power. When Jin Bing returned to Kaifeng City, Song Qinzong was very scared. He sent a messenger and said, "I didn't know about it at first, and I will punish him." . Li Bangyan also ordered Song Qinzong not to offend the nomads from the army, and the machine gunner was executed after shooting. Yan Hong Zongwang attacked the city again and was repelled by the Western Army, so he stopped attacking and took people hostage, and Kang Wang was able to return.

Xu Jin quit for the first time.

The Jin Guo East Road Army, which was trapped by Wang Zongwei of Wan Yan for the first time, failed. Before he left, he sent someone into the city to bid farewell and sent a farewell letter saying, "I don't want to make a statement in Kuiting, so I can't do it in the army." I want to send someone and others to be my deputy. Some talents are rare and unique. I am willing to give a speech in a book. " When Yan Hong Zongwang withdrew his troops, the 30,000 elite Qin of the marked army, led by Zhongshidao's younger brother, arrived in Kaifeng, Tokyo. The seed teacher ordered him to lead the troops to follow the 8 Jin Army, and after a half-way, he completely destroyed the half still on the south bank, which dealt a heavy blow to the most elite East Route Army and eliminated future troubles. Li Gang also suggested that Ji Yuan's story be used to "escort" the Eighth Jin Army out of the country and inform the generals to pursue it whenever they have the chance. On the surface, Song Qinzong also agreed with Li Gang's suggestion and sent hundreds of troops to "escort" closely. However, Wu Min, Tang Ke, Geng Nanzhong and other capitulationists finally crushed the hawks, sent people to raise a banner on the edge of the Yellow River, and strictly ordered the army not to bypass the banner to catch 8 Jin J, otherwise they would all be put to death. Later, Zhong Shidao put forward the method of making up after the sheep died, and suggested that troops should be stationed on both sides of the Yellow River to prevent Jin Jun from crossing the river again, in order to "prevent autumn" next time. Song Qinzong was determined to fight, and was quickly sent by Wu Min, Tang Ke, Geng Nanzhong and other capitulationists. He thought that if 8 Jin J didn't come, the huge military expenditure would be wasted and refused to adopt the words of training teachers. Later, the teacher's anger led to illness and even death. Li Gang was transferred to Hedong, Hebei Province, doing nothing. Finally, he was deported to Jiangxi.

Xu Jin's Second Attack on Song Dynasty

Soon, Xiao Zhonggong was used to make Song meet the army. Song Qinzong thinks that both of them were aristocrats in Liao country, and they can be lured and used. He sealed a letter with wax pills and asked Xiao Zhonggong to send Lu Ye as the inside man. Xiao Zhong Palace hurried back to the State of Jin to see Wang Zong and presented a wax pill letter. In August, Wang Zong used this as a reason to gather troops to attack the Song Dynasty again. The second attack on Bianjing was still a contest between Wan Yan Han Zong and Wan Yan Wang Zong.

In the first stage, Wan Yan Hanzong of West Road set out from Datong on September 5 1 126, defeated Zhang Haojun in Wenshui (now Shanxi) the next day, and took Taiyuan on September 2 1 day. On September 8th, East Road WanYanZongWang set out from BaoZhou and defeated Song Bing in Xiongzhou (now Xiongxian County, Baoding City, Hebei Province) and Zhongshan (now Dingzhou City, Hebei Province). /kloc-in September of 0/5, Xinle (now Hebei) was captured. On September 26th, General Song was selected from Jingxing, taking Tianwei Army (now Jingxing County, Hebei Province) and Ke Calm (now Zhengding, Hebei Province).

In the second stage, after a comprehensive recovery, Hongyan Han of West Road attacked Bianjing from Taiyuan on June 1 18, captured Weisheng Army (now Qinxian County, Shanxi Province) on June 22nd, and crossed Jin Meng (now Jin Meng, Henan Province) on June 29th. Song Xijing (now Luoyang, Henan Province), Anjun Yong (now Yanshi East, Henan Province) and Zhengzhou (now the capital of Henan Province) all surrendered. 65438+ February 4th, Yan Hong, Keze Prefecture, Han Zong (now Jincheng, Shanxi). East Road WanYanZongWang165438+1October 20th directed and performed Bianjing Raiders; On February 4th, 65438, Wang Zongdajun crossed the river, and then captured He Lin County (now south of He Lin Village in the northeast of Xun County, Henan Province), daming county (now Hebei Province), Deqing Army (now Qingfeng, Henan Province) and Kaidefu (now Puyang, Henan Province). 65438+February 10, Kehuai County (now Qinyang, Henan Province) arrived at the gates of Bianjing. 65438+ February 65438+ June, Song sent troops to refuse to fight and was defeated by others. 12 17, Wan Yanhan arrived at Bianjingmen and was robbed by Wang Zong, Wan Yan.

Song and Jin besieged Kaifeng for the second time.

Compared with the first siege war in Kaifeng, the situation of the second siege war in Song Dynasty was much more difficult: ① Taiyuan, which was guarded by Wang Bing, finally fell after being besieged by 50 thousand Jin Jun in the property market for more than 250 days. This part of Yan Yan Loushi's army crossed the Yellow River in the south and entered Luoyang in the west, blocking Tongguan, leaving the most elite western expedition army in the Song Dynasty in Tongguan and cutting off its road of diligent king from the east. (2) During the first siege war, only the Eastern Route Army of Wanyanzongwang arrived at the gates of Kaifeng, and its strength was limited. Siege activities are limited to the west and north corners, and sometimes spread to the northeast corner, but the south gate has never been captured. During the second siege, the Jin army attacked in two ways, was surrounded, and was completely isolated in Tokyo. (3) Before the first siege, the Northern Song Dynasty imperial court formulated the strategy of defending by fighting on the eve of Wanyanzongwang's arrival in Kaifeng. Li Gang was appointed as a personal envoy stationed in the camp and an imperial envoy stationed in the four walls of Beijing, and gained the power to preside over the war. During the second siege, Li Gang was deprived of military power together with Zhongshidao because Yao failed to rob the village. Why did Song Qinzong grant all the powers of war, national defense and peace to the Prime Minister? . What? While superstitious about Guo Jing's six magic weapons, he sent Feng Ke, the special envoy of the Tang Dynasty, to make peace with Hongyan Hanzong's army, thinking that he had double insurance, but it was not the way to defend the city. Song Qinzong also temporarily sent Liu Ge, who was punished in Beijing, to guard the four walls. In addition, Sun Fu was the Shoujiang, with different powers and many constraints. Sun Fu and He? In this way, I pinned my hopes on the magic weapon of the demon Guo Jing. (4) At the time of the first siege, there were 60,000 people in the East Route Army, and this time it increased to 80,000 people. The commander's mother, Chang, Liu Yanzong, etc. are still in the army, and only Guo Yaoshi stays in Yanjing in the name of staying behind. The marked army is still controlled by three generals, namely Hong Yan Han Zong, Hong Yan Sheehan and Hong Yan Lushi. Hong Yan Yin Shu and other war generals are under his command. Han people are of noble descent, and love is always the master. Wan Yan Lou Tun and Wan Yan Xiyin took turns to Tongguan to stop the Western Army from being diligent in the Song Dynasty. The total number of flag troops was originally equivalent to that of the East Route Army, and it was also more than 60,000 people. After a long siege of Taiyuan, the troops were constantly replenished and the total number of people more than doubled. At this time, in addition to the 50,000 people who blocked Tongguan, 70,000 to 80,000 people participated in the second Kaifeng siege. The strength of the Jin army in the east and west roads has exceeded150,000, which is one and a half times more than that in the first siege. On the Song side, there were 200,000 to 300,000 imperial troops in Kaifeng and loyalists who came from the northwest during the first siege. After the end of the Qing dynasty, these troops were not put in their proper places, some were sent back to the northwest, some suffered losses in the Taiyuan Qing dynasty, some were scattered on the south bank of the Yellow River, and some were dismissed by the surrenders Tang Ke and Geng Nanzhong for economic reasons. So that during the second siege, there were less than 70 thousand defenders in the city. Qin from all over the country has long been pinned down by Geng Nanzhong. Only Zhang Shuye, the satrap of South Island, and his two sons Bofen and Zhongxiong refused to surrender and recruited thirteen thousand loyal soldiers. They met Hong Yan Han Zong's department in Yingchang House, and they won and lost each other in eighteen wars. Finally, the whole army invaded Kaifeng, which was the only loyal army in the second siege.

1October 9th,1127,65438, because Guo Jing, Hong Yan Wang Zong, Hong Yan Han Zong and other generals broke the city and captured Song Huizong and Song Qinzong.

Hui Di and Qin Emperor were captured.

On March 20th, AD 1 127, the Northern Song Dynasty was declared extinct. Emperor Taizong of Jin deposed Song Huizong and Song Qinzong as Shu Ren, and forcibly took off the robes of the two emperors. Li Ruoshui, who accompanied him, hugged Qin Zong's body and scolded Jin for being a dog. At the beginning, Hongyan wanted Han Zong to surrender to Li Re-shui. After a few days, it was ineffective, so he let his men handle it. Li Ruoshui was full of foul language, and Han Zong's men cut their throats and died. On April 20th, 8 jin j wantonly plundered and made Zhang Bangchang emperor, with the title of "Chu". Then retreat in two ways; On the one hand, a group of people, including Zheng, Prince, Grandson, Princess and Concubine, went north along the slippery state; On the other hand, Qin Zong, Zhu, Prince, Imperial Clan, Sun Fu,, and others went north along Zhengzhou, including thousands of musicians and craftsmen. Because the first year of Jingkang was the year of Bingwu, it was also called "the shame of Bingwu".

Jing Kang Zheng recorded the national tragedy in detail. Because it is embarrassing, most of the official history can't be recorded, so the reference value is very high. Among them, "The Man in the urn" records: In December of the first year of Jingkang, "On the 24th, Kaibao Temple caught fire. On the 25th, Rousseau imperial academy went out of the city. " In the first month of the second year, "on the 25th, Rousseau's jade books, chariots and crowns were all presented to the court, and there were 600 girls and hundreds of musicians in the workshop. On the 27th, Lu took 50 eunuchs and returned 30 in the evening. The fire from Xinsongmen to Caomen. On the 28th, 47 people including Cai Jing, Wang Fu and Tong Guan Cargill left the city. " Before and after the Jinbing besieged Bianjing, they burned, killed, looted and raped women. In the Song Dynasty, besides gold and silver, a large number of officials and people were plundered, especially women. Jin people deliberately asked for "600 women" and did not ask for boys. Leap in November of the first year of Jingkang, "On the 27th, the nomads from the giant room, the home of Ming-fire, the home of Lan Cong and the home of Meng burned thousands of rooms along the way. More than 70 women left the city. " According to Records of the Southern Expedition, on the tenth day of December of the first year of Jingkang, Steven Song "Wu Kai and Mocuo conveyed the meaning of Song Huizong, the Lord of the Song Dynasty, and allowed two princes, two adopted daughters, two thousand crowns, chariot jewels and five hundred adopted daughters to pay tribute." Lu Dugu, a thousand households guarding the city, killed his brother Shang Fuzao, because Shang Fuzao "lived in a big house and raped the women that Lu Dugu plundered". On the 22nd day of the first month of the second year of Jingkang, "the original military expenditure10,000,000 ingots and 5,000,000 taels of silver must be settled within ten days. If it is not enough, Emperor Ji [4] and Princess Wang will be rewarded with a thousand gold ingots, while Zongji will be rewarded with 500 gold ingots, clan Ji will be rewarded with 200 gold ingots, clan wife will be rewarded with 500 silver ingots, clan wife will be rewarded with 200 silver ingots, and aristocratic daughters will be rewarded with 100 silver ingots, whichever you choose. " "Since the 25th day of the first month, Kaifeng Prefecture and Tianjin have sent people into the village in an endless stream. Women, from the imperial palace to musicians, number more than 5,000, all choose to dress up. Three thousand boys and girls were chosen, and the rest were eliminated from the city. Guo Xiang (Wan Yan Han Zong) brought dozens of people, and everyone gave himself a few people above grams and one or two people below grams. " On the fifth day of the second month, Hong Yan Han Zong hosted a banquet for his generals, so that the wives in the palace could change into clothes and pour wine. Those who disobeyed were put to death. At that time, Zheng, Xu and Lu disobeyed orders and beheaded them, and there were "martyrs Zhang and Cao Shi who resisted the second prince (the one) and stabbed him to death with iron bars, bleeding for three days before opening the account." On the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, the princess and Ji Di entered the village, and the prince took the warning and everyone begged for their lives. "

"Kaifeng House Table" states: "Choose eighty-three concubines, twenty-four princesses and twenty-two imperial princesses, and give one thousand gold ingots to get one hundred and thirty-four thousand gold ingots, which is twice the welfare of the five imperial princesses in the imperial palace. There were ninety-eight concubines, twenty-eight concubines, fifty-two concubines, seventy-eight concubines and one hundred and ninety-five concubines, and they got five hundred gold ingots and two hundred and twenty-five thousand five hundred gold ingots. Clan members 124 1 person, 248,200 gold ingots are allowed. There were 479 ladies-in-waiting, 600 single women, 2000 single women, and 500 silver ingots were allowed, and the silver1587,000 ingots were obtained. There are 2000 single women and 13 14 singers, each of whom is allowed 200 pieces of silver and gets 664200 pieces of silver. There are 33 nobles, officials and women, 33 19, and 100 ingots of silver are allowed and 33 1900 ingots of silver are obtained. There are 602,000 gold ingots and 2,583,120 silver ingots allowed. " Actually, there is 1 1635, and the woman has mortgaged it for a discount. "Groans" contains: "The plundered people are there, and the princes of Lu are holding their daughters and drinking wine and meat for orchestral fun." According to the translation of Qing Palace, Yan's eldest son Sheyema took a fancy to her daughter Zhao Fujin. Yan asked to give this huge sum of money to She Yema, but she didn't agree, because this huge sum of money had already married Cai Jing's daughter-in-law. He was furious and said, "Yesterday, I was ordered by the imperial court to remove Lu. How can you resist an order? There are two guests in the class. " Hui Zong said: "There is a sad scene in the world, when the Jin army robbed and went north.

God, every man has his own wife. "However, it's useless. It is said that this horse married rich gold on the way north. After Emperor Taizong of Jin returned to the DPRK, he made a promise. "

Carve children for Emperor Fujin, Princess Xu Shengying, Gong Kunyang and Chen as concubines. "On the way to the North, Zhu was molested by thousands of families. Other women were trampled and many people died. At first, there were more than 3000 imperial clan teams. In Yanjing, there were only 1000 people left, and ten people were ill.

According to the Book of Prisoners in Song Dynasty, the total number of prisoners before departure was14,000, and they were taken to the north in seven batches, of which the first batch was "more than 2,200 imperial clan men and more than 3,400 women". On March 27th, Jingkang left Guoxiang Village in Qingcheng and arrived in Yanshan on April 27th, with more than 1,900 women. Within a month, nearly half of 1500 women died. 1900 Some of the survivors were sent to Beijing by Jin Taizong. Among them, thousands of women were sent to the left-behind people in the State of Jin, and another 300 were held in Huan Yi (official prostitutes). These people were forced to "bare their bodies and wear wool skin" according to the local customs of Jurchen. Zheng and Zhu also received the same treatment. Empress Zhu was humiliated and returned to the palace to hang herself. After being rescued, she committed suicide by drowning. The other part stayed in Yanjing and was given to the nomadic people who cut the Song Dynasty. Many women were sold as prostitutes, some were exchanged by Yan for ten horses, and some were sold to North Korea and Mongolia as slaves. "Groans" quoted Yan Yan as saying that these women, "ten people and nine prostitutes, lost their honor and their lives", "just left the music house, that is, they went to the ghost record", and the author of Ren Yanju recorded one of his blacksmith neighbors, "eight gold to buy a wife is really a prince's daughter-in-law, a relative's nephew and a Jinshi's wife". Yu Yu, an envoy of the Northern Song Dynasty who was banished to the State of Jin, once met Zongji of the Northern Song Dynasty and became a prostitute, and wrote Nian Nujiao, calling her "Song Zongji, the youngest daughter of the King of Qin, married into a family of Qinci". Another envoy, Wu Ji, wrote a poem full of people in January, saying, "In the Southern Dynasties, people sang backyard flowers. In the past, Xie Wang, the swallow in front of the hall, flew to whose house. Suddenly a dream, the fairy muscle wins the snow, and there are piles of crows in the palace. Jiangzhou Sima, a tearful shirt, is the end of the world. "

Historical influence

The change of Jingkang led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, which deeply hurt the hearts of Han people. Yue Fei, a general of the Southern Song Dynasty, mentioned in "Man Jiang Hong": "Jingkang is shameful, and it is still snowing, and courtiers hate it. When will it die! " . Thousands of imperial families of Zhao Song were escorted to the northeast. Later, in the late Jin Dynasty, the first surname of Manchu was Ilgen Jueluo, which was recorded in Chaozhi as Ilgen Jueluo, Min Jueluo or Ilgen, which means "man" in Manchu. His Chinese surname is Zhao (including Tong, Gu, Yi, Sa, Gong, Zhao, Cao, Bao, Zhe,). "Heilongjiang Zhimanuscript Family" contains: "Those who feel Luo, spread after Qin." The Han surnames of Gagai, the pioneer of Manchu in Qing Dynasty, are Gu, the descendant of Zhao and Shang Shugu, Sa, the descendant of Sahadai, and Yi, the descendant of Yi Sanna, a university student. It is not excluded that Manchu nobles are descendants of the Song royal family. [2] Xin Yewei, the ancestor of Xin Qiji, a judge of Dali Temple in Tang Dynasty, moved to Jinan by Didao in Longxi, so he died in Jinan. Gao studied in ancient times and was a scholar. Great-grandfather Singer used to be Pennsylvania's army secretary. Grandfather Xin Zan, due to the fatigue of his family, was unable to travel with the Song family south during the Jingkang Revolution. He became an official in Jin and successively guarded Qiao County, Kaifeng and other places. Xin Qiji's father Xin Wenyu died early, and he lived with his grandfather Xin Zan since childhood.