Edison was a famous American inventor. He studied hard all his life, was good at thinking and worked hard. At the age of 75, he still signs in for work in the laboratory on time every day. For decades, he worked almost ten hours a day and read books in his study for three to five hours at night. If the average person's life activity time is used to calculate, his life span has doubled. So, on his 79th birthday, Edison proudly told people that I was 135 years old. He lived to be 84 years old and made 1 100 inventions in his life, among which the greatest contribution was to invent the phonograph and the automatic telegraph, and to experiment and improve the incandescent lamp and telephone. Edison began to study electric light in his early twenties, which lasted for 10 years. He chose thousands of different substances, such as bamboo wool, graphite, tantalum and so on. As a filament material for experiments, this is well known. Once he and his assistants worked for five days and five nights in a row. 1879 Edison made incandescent filament with carbon filament and lit it for 40 hours. Because the surface of carbon wire is porous and fragile, its strength is very low. It was soon replaced by tungsten wire.

1883, Edison discovered the phenomenon of thermionic emission, also known as "Edison effect", that is, some electrons or ions near the metal surface gained enough kinetic energy due to the irregular movement caused by high temperature, overcame the constraints of the surface and escaped from the metal. Edison effect is very important to the work of all vacuum tubes. As the emission surface, the cathode is usually coated with a layer of alkaline earth metal oxide to promote electron emission, and the high temperature is maintained by current heating.

1900, Edison invented the iron-nickel battery, which is an alkaline battery with an electromotive force of about 1.3 ~ 1.4 volts. It has a long life, but its efficiency is not high. Edison had many inventions in his life, but when someone asked him why he succeeded, he said: Some people think that I have some talents, which is not correct. Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety percent inspiration.

Albert Einstein (1879- 1955), a world-famous German-American scientist, is the pioneer and founder of modern physics.

Einstein/Kloc-graduated from Zurich University of Technology in 0/900, and began to teach in this university in 0/909. 19 14 was the director of the Royal William Institute of Physics and a professor at the University of Berlin. He was forced to immigrate to the United States and became an American citizen on 1940.

/kloc-the late 0/9th century is a period of change in physics. Einstein re-examined the basic concepts of physics from the experimental facts and made a fundamental breakthrough in theory. Some of his achievements greatly promoted the development of astronomy. His quantum theory has a great influence on astrophysics, especially theoretical astrophysics. The first mature aspect of theoretical astrophysics-stellar atmosphere theory is based on quantum theory and radiation theory. Einstein's special theory of relativity successfully revealed the relationship between energy and mass and solved the long-standing problem of stellar energy. In recent years, more and more high-energy physical phenomena have been discovered, and special relativity has become the basic theoretical tool to explain this phenomenon. His general theory of relativity also solved a mystery in astronomy for many years, and deduced the phenomenon of light bending that was later verified, which became the theoretical basis of many astronomical concepts later.

Einstein's greatest contribution to astronomy is his cosmology. He founded relativistic cosmology, established a static finite and infinite self-consistent dynamic universe model, and introduced new concepts such as cosmology principle and curved space, which greatly promoted the development of modern astronomy.