1. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Qin Mu, Song Xiang, Chu Zhuang"-Historical Records
2. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Chu Zhuang, He Lv, Gou Jian"-"Xunzi Wang Ba"
3. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Qin Mu, Chu Zhuang, He Lv"-"Baihutong No.1"
4. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Qin Mu, Chu Zhuang, Gou Jian"-"On the Morality of Four Gentlemen"
5. "Qi Huan, Song Xiang, Jin Wen, Qin Mu, Fu Cha"-"Han Shu, Preface to Governors and Kings"
6. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Jin Xiang, Jin Jing, Jin Mourning"-"Sakazaki Pavilion Collection Edition"
7. "Zheng Zhuang, Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Qin Mu, Chu Zhuang"-"Ci Tong"
8. "Qi Huan, Jin Wen, Chu Zhuang, Fu Cha, Gou Jian"-some middle school textbooks.
Resourceful Zheng Zhuanggong, king-respecting Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong who dominated the Central Plains, Qin Mugong who dominated Xirong, Chu Zhuangwang who won the Central Plains, Jin Wengong who revived the hegemony, He Lv, the king of Wu, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue who dominated the southeast, were connected in series throughout the Spring and Autumn Period, and they witnessed the ups and downs of these hundreds of years.
2. Evaluate a historical figure. Five or six hundred words (1) comments on Cao Cao's positive role in unifying the north.
As mentioned earlier, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to political darkness, social production was seriously damaged, and people could not live, and finally a vigorous Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. However, under the historical conditions at that time, the peasant uprising could not achieve the final victory, which was followed by the disintegration of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the warlord scuffle.
In the scuffle, not only Dong Zhuo, Li Jue and other Liangzhou warlords slaughtered people and robbed property everywhere, but also the eastern generals under the banner of diligent king. Therefore, there is a bleak scene of "people eat people and the state is depressed".
Apart from the reactionary rule in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it is unforgivable to suppress the peasant uprising and the warlords who destroyed social production. But relatively speaking, there are still differences between warlords.
Take Cao Cao as an example. Although he suppressed the peasant uprising and killed innocent people, from his political, military and economic performance, he was better than the warlord he eliminated. For example, he reclaimed land, built water conservancy projects and implemented the system of selling salt and iron by officials, which played a positive role in social and economic recovery and economic rectification.
These will be introduced when talking about the economy. As soon as Cao Cao embarked on his official career, he tried to use stricter laws to change the rampant situation of extravagance of powerful people at that time.
However, because the curse lies in the central government, Cao did not dare to show his intentions. It was not until he came to power himself that the policy of restraining arrogance was fully implemented.
He said: "the punishment of the husband is also the life of the people"; The policy of bringing order out of chaos should put punishment first. He used Wang Xiu, Sima Zhi, Yang Pei, Lv Qian, Man Chong, Jia Kui and other local officials to curb the lawless strongmen.
If we compare Yuan Shao's and Cao Cao's political skills in Jizhou, we can see two different situations: "At the end of the Han Dynasty, politics was lenient and salt was lenient, so we didn't take it." Under Yuan Shao's lenient policy, "it is not enough to make the powerful and powerful arrogant, annex their relatives, make the people poor and weak, pay taxes on their behalf, and show off their wealth."
As a result, it is naturally impossible to be "people-friendly to Qiang Bing". So Yuan Shao was defeated by Cao Cao, although he was big, with many soldiers and food.
After the war in Jizhou, he immediately "emphasized the method of merging powerful countries" and thus received the effect of "making the people happy". As long as we look at Wei Zhi's reflection, we can see that under Cao Cao's rule, the political outlook and social atmosphere from the central to the local are different from before.
Few ministers in North Korea engage in graft; Unscrupulous local officials and strongmen have also been restrained to some extent. Sima Guang said that Cao Cao's "turning chaos into governance" was not groundless.
Moreover, the officials he elected should be "sensible" and be able to govern the country according to law. Cao Cao also advocates honesty. He used Cui Yan and Mao Jie for the election. "Everyone he uses is honest and upright. Although he was famous at that time, he didn't do what he should do, and he was finally admitted. "
Thrift guides people, so people all over the world are inspired by honesty and thrift. Although your minister, dare not cross. "So the social atmosphere has improved.
Complementing the implementation of the rule of law policy is to concentrate on yourself as much as possible and not let the princes form a party. He ordered: "In this Qing Dynasty, even though personal relationships were better than others, it was useless to serve the country and the king."
Fuck, in order to supervise the governors, the establishment of "school affairs" was opposed by the minister, who thought it was an "untrustworthy purpose"
Cao Cao explained it this way: "If you want to stab, you can do a lot of things, but you can't." The so-called "sages and gentlemen" mainly refers to noble ministers, who have been officials all their lives, have branches and leaves attached, and have great fame and influence.
On the one hand, we should win over the Rightists and make them occupy the upper position without real power; On the one hand, they also use ordinary school affairs to check their behavior. Is it necessary to do this? You can use Sun Quan's words to answer later.
Sun Quan said: "The disciples of Chang Wen (Chen Qunzi) used to be able to keep good deeds and try their best to behave themselves, but they were afraid of being strict and did not dare to do anything wrong." Sun Quan followed suit and set up a school post, which showed that it was reasonable to set up a school supervisor in order to prevent the recurrence of the ministers' group at the end of the Han Dynasty and the small group of Yuan Shao Group.
From the internal structure of Cao Wei regime, there are the most noble ministers, and the potential danger is heavier. Cao Cao planned for himself and future generations, and set up school affairs to wait on the ministers. Although it is harsh and political, it is difficult to subdue them without it.
The history book says: "Cao Gong is strict and an official, so he often adds a stick." . Cao Cao also let the general's family live in his home to prevent them from fleeing from themselves, which is a reflection of the estrangement and contradiction between Cao Cao and his subordinates.
On the whole, under Cao Cao's rule, the Yellow River Basin has a certain degree of political clarity, the economy has gradually recovered, the class oppression has been slightly alleviated, and the social atmosphere has improved. Therefore, we say that the unification of the north and some corresponding measures still have positive effects.
(2) Cao Cao is an outstanding strategist. First of all, Cao Cao is good at commanding generals; For example, in the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Cao Cao left three generals, Zhang Liao, Lejin and Li Dian, and Xue Mian, the defender, to guard the battle.
The following year, before Cao Cao led his army to the west to explore Zhang Lu, he sent someone to send Fatwa to Xue Mian. The cover said, "A thief is a thief." . Soon, Sun Quan personally led 100,000 troops to attack Hefei, and Xue Biao and others wrote a letter, saying, "If Sun Quan arrives, General Zhang and General Li will go out, General Le will defend himself, and the army will not have to fight."
At this time, there were only 7,000 defenders in Hefei. Being outnumbered, you will wonder whether it is the best policy to divide your troops and go out.
Zhang Liao said, "Grandpa will go on an expedition, but if you save him, you will be defeated. Therefore, we should attack the religion and its failure, break its prosperity, reassure the public, and then defend it.
The chance of success or failure, in this battle, you have no doubt! "Li Dian smell speech, immediately agreed. So Liao and the pawn night recruited 800 people who dared to follow, killing cattle.
At dawn the next day, Liao, who held a halberd, took the lead, killed dozens of people, beheaded two generals, shouted his name and went straight to Sun Quan's headquarters. Seeing Liao's ferocity, Quan was at a loss and frightened, so he had to climb the mound and defend himself with a halberd.
Liao told Quan to fight, but Quan did not dare to move. When he saw Liao Serenade, he gathered around Liao. Liao broke through again and again, and those in power were invincible. No one dares to be that person. From the early wars to Japan and China, the Wu people seized the air superiority.
Liao and others are still on the defensive, and everyone is at ease. After World War I, the whole army lost its momentum and stayed in Hefei for more than ten days, that is, withdrew its troops.
With the departure of the public, the power and number of people will remain in the north of xiaoyaojin.
3. Ju Qu Mengxun 1 Date of birth and death of the dynasty 2 Hometown 3 Main achievements 4 Historical comments 5 My opinions love to ask knowledge Ju Qu Mengxun (368-433), Song Lin (now south of Zhangye City, Gansu Province) Lushui Hu people, the founder of Beiliang regime in the Sixteen Countries Period, and one of the most successful ethnic leaders in history.
Ju Xun inherited his father's official position and became the leader of Lu. He read widely, especially astronomy and chemistry, and was called "a hero with outstanding achievements" in history.
Ju Qu Meng Xun's uncle Ju Qu Luo Qiu is a minister in Lv Guang, Hou Liang; Another uncle, Qu Qu Zhou, is the prefect of Sanhe, Hou Liang. They were not only brilliant, but also loyal to Lv Guang, but then Lv Guang listened to rumors and killed them both.
This caused great dissatisfaction with Ju Qu Mengxun. In April 397, in the name of revenge for his two uncles, he called on more than 10,000 tribes to keep out the cold and once occupied Bajin Mountain (now Dongda Huangshan Mountain in Shandan County). A month later, he was defeated by Hou Liang, and Qu Meng went to Hou Liang Jiankang (now northwest of Gaotai County) to be the prefect of Duanye.
Ju Qumeng Xun and his cousin Ju Qu and others supported Duan Ye to be a Liangzhou animal husbandry, build a healthy public and build a name. In 399, Duan Ye called Liang acceded to the throne, changed his name to "Tianxi", and established his capital as Jiankang. This is the "northern cool" in history.
In the establishment of Beiliang, the brothers Ju Qumeng Xun played an important role. Duan Ye appointed Ju Qu Chengnan as the general of the auxiliary country and Ju Qu Mengxun as the general of Zhenxi. Ju Qu Mengxun made many contributions to Beiliang, and was named as Linchihou, Shangshu Zuocheng and Zhangye Taishou successively.
At the same time, the friction and conflict between Ju Qumeng Xun and Duan Ye also appeared. Mainly because Duan Ye was jealous and afraid of his talent, he gradually alienated and squeezed out, and he was relieved of his position as the prefect of Zhang Ye.
This caused strong dissatisfaction from Ju Qu Mengxun. At the same time, Ju Qu Mengxun thinks that Duan Ye is too bookish, too ambitious and lacks deliberation, so it is difficult to achieve great things.
Ju Qumengxun took deviant measures, provoked the relationship between Duan Ye and Ju Qucheng Nan, falsely accused Ju Qucheng Nan of rebellion, and Duan Ye killed indiscriminately. Ju Qu Meng Xun used Duan Ye to kill Ju Qu Cheng Nan by mistake and incited the upper class of ethnic minorities to take revenge for Ju Qu Cheng Nan.
The upper class of ethnic minorities quickly gathered more than 10,000 people in Shichi (now Gansu Folk Music), attacked Duan Ye and won the throne. In May of 40 1 year, Ju Qumeng Xun called himself Jie, viceroy, general, Liangzhou animal husbandry, Zhang emissary, with the title of Yong 'an and Zhang Capital, and still called Beiliang.
After Qu Mengxun was in charge of Beiliang, he faced a very serious situation and was attacked on all sides. In order to tide over the difficulties, Qu Mengxun adopted a positive foreign policy and a national policy of vigorously governing at home.
First of all, pay tribute to the powerful post-Qin dynasty to show obedience and reduce the pressure on the surrounding environment. A series of measures to enrich the people and strengthen the country have been formulated internally. Corporal Li Xian used talents and issued an order to seek talents, recruiting talents in all Beiliang. Attach importance to cultural education and establish schools.
These measures have achieved remarkable results in a short period of time. At one time, there were many talented people and a prosperous culture in Beiliang. With the increasing strength of Beiliang, Ju Qu Mengxun began to expand his sphere of influence around.
In March of 42 1 year, Meng Xun personally led 20,000 troops to conquer Dunhuang, the capital of Xiliang, and destroy Xiliang. In this way, Beiliang occupied the whole Hexi area.
During the battle in Xiliang, the Beiliang Army had strict discipline, no crime in autumn, respected Confucianism and protected talents, and won the support of people of all ethnic groups. I personally presided over the construction of Tiantai Mountain Grottoes and Temples, and the Buddha statues made were grand in scale and spectacular in shape, occupying an important position in the grotto art in Hexi area.
It has a great influence on the development of Buddhist culture in China. .
4. Historical Evaluation of Confucius Confucius Thought represents a cultural and ideological system with national characteristics in the eyes of foreigners. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, Confucius thought began to spread around the world, especially in Asian countries, which once became the dominant thought of rulers, which can be more reflected in North Korea and South Korea. In Korea, there are still more than 200 Confucius temples, and a quarter of the people in the country respect Confucianism. Even Japan, Viet Nam, and China, which once had bad relations in history.
Among western cultures, the most respected Confucian culture should be the philosophy of Confucius. As early as18th century in France, Voltaire said that European businessmen discovered the East and only saw wealth, while philosophers could discover a brand-new material and spiritual world. Confucius' thought of benevolent governance and loving the people has a high status and value in western countries. The sentence "tyranny is fiercer than tigers" once became the ruling motto of rulers, and it was this great China thinker who first proposed that farmers belong to the production class.
If the influence of Confucius and Confucian culture on the West and even the whole world in history has become a thing of the past, then Cambridge University takes some chapters in The Analects of Confucius as the teaching content of China culture, which should be the best explanation for respecting Confucianism, and the Confucian concept of loving others as yourself has been verified all over the world. "If human beings want to survive in 2 1 century, they must look back to 2540 and learn the wisdom of Confucius.
This is the first time that a Swedish scientist and Nobel Prize winner in physics Hannatz attended the International Congress of Nobel Prize Winners. What Dr. Alvin said. Dr. Hu Side, a Belgian who once taught the history of China in Oxford and Cambridge in the United States and Britain, once said, "Confucius has influenced my life."
Looking at the United States and France again, we can better understand the respect a great thinker receives and the influence his thoughts have on the world. 1985, the United States published the People's Yearbook Manual, which listed the top ten thinkers in the world, and Confucius ranked first among the top ten thinkers. Former US President Ronald Reagan once said: "Confucius' lofty friendship and great ethics and moral thoughts not only affected his compatriots, but also affected all mankind.
Confucius' theory has been handed down from generation to generation, prompting the world to enrich the truth of life "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" was written into some clauses of the French Constitution in 1795, so Confucius' thought belongs not only to China, but also to history.
In the field of personal thought, Confucius advocated "direct complaint" and benevolence and mutual assistance. * * * once wrote: "Although Confucius lived more than two thousand years ago, his teachings still have important guiding significance for today's world life." When a person, an idea, can be used for reference by others, can be respected by others, and can influence others' thoughts, lives and even their environment for a long time, this is success. For a great thinker and educator, his thoughts spread all over the world and have a wide influence, which is the greatest success.
German scholar Mauffrey said: "The German people have great respect for Confucius. Confucius' thought has extremely extensive connotations, and it is a symbol of China culture and oriental culture. Confucius belongs not only to China, but also to the whole world. "This is the pride and success of oriental culture. Confucius' success is not only in the East.
In addition, from the trend of establishing "Confucius Institutes" around the world, we can also see the position of Confucius in foreigners' cognition. .