In the common sense of most of us, the first dynasty in China was Xia, which inherited three emperors and five emperors, followed by Shang Dynasty. At first, Dayu, who was in charge of water conservancy, laid the foundation and won the throne; Then Dayu's son broke the abdication system and inherited the throne, thus establishing the Xia Dynasty. Taikang lost his country, Shao Kang zhongxing, Kongjia Yulong ... Finally, because of Xia Jie's * *, the people rebelled, and Shang Tang rose up, destroying the summer and establishing the Shang Dynasty. Historical books and some pre-Qin documents recorded the above events. However, you should know that whether these records are true or not has always been controversial in the field of history. In recent years, the discussion about the existence of Xia Dynasty has been entangled. Historians and archaeologists who maintain orthodoxy try their best to prove that Xia Dynasty is a real dynasty, but they can never convince each other. Today, in the field of world history research, "Xia Dynasty", like "Three Emperors and Five Emperors", has been summarized as "Legend and Myth" period. As we all know, the history of China began in Shang Dynasty. Depression? A little bit. To put it simply, historians generally need two pieces of evidence to determine one thing. One is written records and the other is cultural relics. Similar to the "witness material evidence" of the court. The reason why the "opposition" thinks that the Xia Dynasty does not exist, or that "Xia Civilization" does not exist, is mainly based on these two reasons. First of all, there is no "credible record" in the Xia Dynasty. Strange, how can so many ancient books be incredible? It turns out that people say that the earliest Xia Dynasty is the Shang Shu of the Zhou Dynasty (of course, when the Shang Shu itself is also controversial). At that time, it was almost 800 years since the demise of the Xia Dynasty, and the credibility of these records itself could not be verified. The most qualified to prove the existence of Xia Dynasty is the literature records of Shang Dynasty. This is an irritating thing. At present, only Oracle Bone Inscriptions has been handed down from Shang Dynasty, and it is still being deciphered. However, there is no evidence about the Xia Dynasty in the translated records. So some people said, look, if the Xia Dynasty really existed, how could it not be recorded in the documents of the Shang Dynasty? In the pre-Qin era, due to the backwardness of science and technology, it was difficult to preserve physical objects and documents. The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty is a major breakthrough in archaeology. There is also the study of cultural relics. Generally speaking, the history of Xia Dynasty is from 2 100 BC to 1600 BC, which should be roughly between 400 and 500 years. Archaeological excavations of cultural relics are naturally older than this (cavemen have a history of 20,000 years and Beijingers have a history of 350,000 years). But it is said that they are recognized as symbols of cities, such as city walls, and so on, and have not been discovered. So there is not enough evidence to prove the existence of Xia Dynasty. 3. It's still a little hard to accept. Everyone recognized the dynasties of thousands of years. Why didn't you say it was gone? Because the history here is a serious science. It's like saying you have to prove a person's past existence. Suppose uncle Xia is a lifetime old now, you can't just say that there is such an uncle Xia from generation to generation. He is bald, nearsighted and has a tumor on his face, so there is such a person. You have to find a witness who has seen Uncle Xia personally to testify. Just saying that "listening to an elder's story about Uncle Xia" doesn't count. And what uncle Xia used. You should not only find trouble, but also prove that it was used by Uncle Xia. The collection of physical evidence is sometimes quite difficult, whether it is written records or physical archaeology. As far as the current situation is concerned, even experts who hold opposing opinions should say that "the current textual research is not enough to prove the existence of the Xia Dynasty", or that the authenticity of the Xia Dynasty is still a question of "doubt". It can't be said that there must be, and it can't be said that there must beno. Now some people are beginning to draw conclusions and say that "the Xia Dynasty certainly doesn't exist", which is over-excited. Historical Records written by Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty has a very high authority in China's history books. Recorded the Xia, Shang and Zhou events of the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. However, the accurate record of 2000 began at the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty. There was only one generation in the history of more than 2,000 years before, and there was no specific year for people's lives and events. This has not only brought difficulties to future generations' research, but also provided a shadow of doubt to foreign historians who haggle over every ounce. For example, Mr. Hu Shi, who was deeply influenced by the West, declared that "there was no history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty" and believed that China's civilization began in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Gu Jiegang also argued that "Yu" should refer to a reptile "worm". Mr. Lu Xun also created a "Mr. Bird Head" in the novel Water Control to satirize him. Sima Qian was meticulous in writing historical records. In order to ensure the accuracy as much as possible, he even traveled all over the country and all over Qian Shan, researching the topography and landforms of ancient people's lives and inquiring about local folk customs. It is conceivable that he must have consulted all kinds of historical materials available at that time as much as possible, and then synthesized and selected them to write what we are seeing now. Regrettably, many historical materials he consulted at the beginning have been washed away by time, especially the destruction of war, which we can't see today. At the beginning, many people regarded Shang Dynasty as a legend. The records of Shang Dynasty in Sima Qian's Historical Records are considered as myths. But with the research of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the written records of Shang Dynasty began to be sorted out gradually. It is found that many records of Sima Qian are reflected in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Therefore, the existence of the Shang Dynasty is no longer controversial. As far as historians are concerned, Sima Qian's character is trustworthy. He may be taboo in writing in the Spring and Autumn Period, but when it comes to specific things, he rarely fabricates them out of thin air, let alone fabricates a dynasty that lasted for hundreds of years. Erlitou, located in yanshi city, Henan Province, is an important archaeological site in Xia and Shang Dynasties. The dating of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties began at the end of last century, and one of its tasks was to determine the approximate age of Xia Dynasty. China scholars who participated in * * had a sharp confrontation with foreign scholars who opposed * *. In Erlitou site, bronze wares and palace sites were unearthed. China scholars believe that this indicates that Erlitou may be the site of Xia Dynasty. However, foreign experts say that Erlitou has only bronzes, no cars and no writing, which can only be regarded as a tribal civilization, not to mention the Xia Dynasty. The debate at this level is actually a bit boring. The bronze tripod unearthed in Erlitou in Xia Dynasty is known as "the first tripod in China". Whether Xia Qi ascended the throne in a fur coat or a silk dress, and whether Dayu executed Fang Feng's family with a bronze axe or a stone axe, these archaeological details are of course very rigorous scientific questions, but they have nothing to do with our feelings about history. Some foreigners say that summer in China people's mind is a kind of "belief", and accuse the textual research of summer as "* * * *". Let them talk. "Summer" is a real period in the minds of China people. At that time, there were some interesting ancients and some memorable stories happened. This is history.