Feudal system: it is a land possession system implemented in medieval western Europe. It was first implemented by Charles Martel when he was a court minister in the Frankish Kingdom (around 735 AD). Land and local farmers were divided into fiefs of contributors, who served in cavalry for life, but could not inherit them. The fief system is very helpful to improve the country's combat effectiveness, and gradually formed a feudal hierarchy through the fief system.
Demonstration: democritus (about 160 ~ 370 BC), an ancient Greek materialist, was a philosopher who played an important role in the development of atomism. According to textual research, his works involve almost all departments of human knowledge, but only a few hundred fragments have been circulated in the world.
Caste system: a social class or group system among Hindu residents in South Asian countries, mainly India. Sanskrit is Varna, which means color, variety and quality. It is called caste or surname in the ancient Buddhist scriptures translated into Chinese by China or in the works of eminent monks who traveled in India. Now it has been gradually abolished. But it still exists in some ethnic groups.
The five pillars of Islam: also known as the five virtues, are the general names of the five basic teachings of Islam. Also known as "Five Marginal Stones" and "Five Permanent Members". According to the free translation of Arabic "Elkahn Hermsai", Islamic Shariah stipulates that "the five pillars of Islam" are sacred obligations and practical systems that Muslims must fulfill. It is the cornerstone of the practice of basic beliefs, aiming at maintaining and strengthening the religious beliefs and feelings of Muslims, expressing piety and reverence for God, and realizing the unity of the Lord through practice.
Military democracy: refers to the organization of tribes and their alliances in Homer's era (heroic era) in ancient Greece. Including a council of tribal elders; People's Congress, composed of clan adult men; Its military leader, namely "bartholomew", does not enjoy the power of the king of China in the class society. Ancient Romans, Germans, Skettians and others generally experienced military democracy, which is sometimes used to refer to a stage of transition from primitive society to class society in history.
Code of hammurabi: Hammurabi was the sixth king of the Kingdom of Babylon. His reign lasted from about 1792 BC to 1750 BC, and he was famous for unifying the two river basins and promulgating codes. Internally, measures should be taken to ease class contradictions, strengthen kingship and develop economy, restrain debt slavery, make it have a relatively stable rear in the long-term use of foreign troops, promote national prosperity, and make Babylon the largest political, economic and cultural center in West Asia.
Justinian Code: In February of A.D. 13, Emperor Justinian issued an imperial edict, appointing Tribuni Si Er to organize a committee composed of 10 jurists, with John, a former judicial officer of the "Holy Court", as the chairman. The Committee has the right to use all existing information and can add, delete and modify it. Then, these decrees are marked with the name of the emperor, the object of implementation and the date, and then classified according to the content and arranged in chronological order. This collection of laws was promulgated and implemented in 529 AD, which is the famous Justinian Code. In 534, the Justinian Code was revised and promulgated again. Justinian Code clearly declared that the imperial power was unrestricted, which safeguarded the interests of the church and consolidated the dominant position of slave owners. The code requires that "everyone should abide by the law", otherwise severe sanctions should be imposed according to law; The code also emphasizes that slaves must obey the master's arrangement without any resistance, so as to consolidate the imperial power and use this code to serve the slave's rule. Although the Justinian Code retains the slave law, it cancels the part that parents can sell their children as slaves to compensate themselves for offending others. The law affirms women's right to inheritance; The code emphasizes the ideological rule of Christianity, establishes the principle of divine right of monarchy, and specifies all aspects of Christian life in detail, emphasizes the policy of compulsory conversion to Christianity and suppression of pagans, and even stipulates the scale and living rules of churches and monasteries, strengthening the rule over farmers; The code also uses many clauses to strictly stipulate that slaves and slave owners must unconditionally obey their masters, and impose heavy penalties or even death sentences on those who do not obey. It was only because of the slave owners' resistance that they had to write the terms of releasing slaves.
The origin of the four ancient civilizations: ancient Egypt, ancient India, ancient China, ancient Babylon and ancient Egyptian civilization refers to the history of Arab conquest of Egypt from 5000 BC to 64 1 year, from the first waterfall of the Nile to the delta.
Ancient Indian civilization is an ancient Indian culture from the 25th century BC to the 5th century AD.
The period from 4000 BC to 2250 BC was the heyday of ancient Babylonian civilization.
The ancient civilization of China is the first dynasty recorded in the history books of China, which is the Xia Dynasty (about 2070 BC-about 65438 BC+0600 BC).
There are five places where civilizations first appeared in the world, namely: the first waterfall of the Nile in Egypt to the delta region, Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, the Yellow River Valley, and Crete, Greece. The earliest of these were Egypt and Mesopotamia.
Kingdom of Babylon: Also known as the Kingdom of Babylon. Slavery countries in ancient two river basins. About 1894 BC, the Amorites, a branch of the Semitic people, occupied the city of Babylon on the east bank of the middle reaches of the Euphrates River and established it. During the reign of King Hammurabi of the sixth generation (about 1792- 1750), he conquered the central and southern parts of the two river basins (later called Babylonia), which was powerful and once promulgated the code of hammurabi. 1595 was destroyed by Hittite kingdom before.
Pipelines provide soil: From the 7th century to the first half of the 8th century, there were three forces on the Italian peninsula: the Eastern Roman Empire, Lumbard and the Pope. In 75 1 year, Lumbard entered the Italian Lavaine controlled by the Roman Empire in the Middle East, which directly threatened the Roman Principality ruled by the Pope. At this time, the center of gravity of the Eastern Roman Empire was in the East, far from Rome, and could not provide protection for the Pope. As a result, the Pope had to seek support in the "barbarian" countries. He turned to the more powerful Frankish kingdom at that time and demanded a political and religious alliance with the Frankish kingdom. In 754 AD, Lombardy invaded Rome, threatening the Pope's territory. The Pope found Frank and asked Pippin for help. Pepin greeted the Pope at Pontius and asked him to ride and walk. The Pope gave Pippin the title of "Roman aristocrat", making the Carolingian monarch a military supporter of the Pope. In June 756 AD, at the request of the Pope, Pippin, the king of Frankness, sent troops to conquer Lombardy, and put the land retaken from Lombardy-the city of Rome and the territory of its former Eastern Roman Empire in Lavaine under the jurisdiction of the Pope. In the history of the church, this is called "Pippin dedicating soil".
Hundred Years' War between Britain and France: The Hundred Years' War refers to the war between Britain and France and Burgundy, which joined later, during the period of 1337- 1453. This is the longest war in the world, which lasted intermittently for 1 16 years.
Crusade: Crusade is the general name of eight religious and military actions that took place between 1096 and 129 1 year. This is a war waged by Christian countries in western Europe against countries on the east coast of the Mediterranean.
Urban Guild: In the Middle Ages of Europe, due to the development of commerce and handicrafts, while the old rural commune declined, a new joint organization-guild gradually appeared in free cities and coastal areas from the 9th century. Guild is an organization established to protect the interests of the industry, help each other, limit internal and external competition, specify the business scope, ensure stable operation and solve the difficulties of owners.
Military region system reform: the reform initiated by Cicero Dynasty of Byzantine Empire in the middle of the 7th century. The details are as follows:
1. Transplanting the military region system practiced in North Africa and Italy to the East, establishing a number of military regions, replacing provinces with military regions, integrating military and political affairs, ruled by generals in charge of military affairs, and actually exercising military control over the whole country;
4. Establish a military camp system, where free peasants are incorporated into the army, hereditary land, soldiers and peasants are distributed, and taxes are paid, but they refuse to accept labor;
[14] The upper class of the army was enfeoffed, forming a military feudal aristocracy as an empire.
The reform of the military region system greatly enhanced the economic and military strength of the empire and enabled it to continue to exist.
Abstract: Important works of Byzantine Macedonian Dynasty. It was written by Fotis.