1978 12 After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party was held, a great turning point with far-reaching significance in the history of our Party was realized since the founding of the People's Republic of China. Since then, China society has entered a new era of building a Socialism with Chinese characteristics. During this period, the state has successively formulated some land policies. Among them, the most representative are:

1978 12.22 the third meeting of the 11th central Committee of communist party, China adopted the regulations on the work of rural people's communes, with a total of 15 chapters and 60 articles. Policies and regulations on land include: protecting the ownership of people's communes at all levels; The occupation of land by the state and collective construction must be handled in strict accordance with the law and try not to occupy cultivated land; Rural land, including homestead, is not allowed to be rented or sold; With the approval of the county, commune teams suitable for farming wasteland can reclaim land in a planned way without destroying soil and water conservation and forest grassland; All barren hills, wasteland and sandy land suitable for forest should be planted with trees and grass in a planned way, and the hillsides should be closed for afforestation to expand the coverage area; The basic construction of farmland is centered on improving soil and controlling water, following the principle of comprehensive management of mountains, water, fields, forests and roads, carefully planning and implementing unified management step by step to build high and stable yield farmland; Vigorously improve soil, conduct regular soil surveys, establish soil files, and take improvement measures according to soil conditions; Continuously improve water conservancy conditions and do a good job in soil and water conservation; Collective distribution of private plots.

1978 12.22 The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of China adopted a draft decision on several issues concerning accelerating agricultural development. The main contents are: not to transfer and occupy the labor, land, livestock, machinery and funds of the production team without compensation; Members' private plots are a necessary supplement to the socialist economy; Continue to implement three-level ownership and team system; Do a good job in farmland capital construction according to local conditions; Make full use of existing cultivated land, reclaim wasteland in a planned way and reclaim land from the sea. The cultivated land cultivated by the commune team shall not be purchased within five years from the date of harvest. We should pay attention to the ecological balance when reclaiming farmland, and we are not allowed to destroy forests, grasslands and aquatic resources, or hinder the storage and discharge of flood water; Capital construction should save land and try not to occupy less cultivated land; Formulate land law as soon as possible; Use the strength of existing big cities to gradually build satellite cities and small towns; Strengthen the leadership of the party and the government over agriculture.

On April 1979, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Land Reclamation and the Agricultural Bank of China jointly issued the Notice on Strengthening the Land Reclamation Management of Rural People's Communes. The circular stipulates that the commune shall adopt the principle of small plot, proximity and self-management; Land reclamation agencies and teams must plant existing cultivated land to ensure that land reclamation is correct; Land reclamation should give full play to its own financial ability; After the land reclamation task was completed in that year, it was necessary to register and report for acceptance, and had to report, underreport or report more with less.

The 12th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in September 1982. On February 4th, 65438, the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) was revised and adopted. The division of administrative divisions in Article 13 of the Constitution restored the original system of townships, towns and villages, marking the beginning of the disintegration of people's communes.

Second, the evolution of household contract policy.

Taking the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party from 65438 to 0978 as the boundary, the first 20 years are the history of people's communes, and the land policy in this period has a strong color of people's communes, while the last 20 years are the history of household contract responsibility system in the period of reform and opening up. The later land policy was replaced by a new policy model characterized by land contract, which made the change of agricultural land system in China enter a new development stage. Looking back on the history of these 20 years, the household contract responsibility system and land contract policy can be roughly divided into the following stages:

The first stage is the breakthrough stage (1978.5438+02—1984.438+02). At this stage, the rural land use system has undergone fundamental changes, characterized by the complete disintegration of the people's commune's "three-level ownership, team-based" management system, and the basic establishment of a new family management system marked by "fixing production quotas to households".

1978 12 "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Decision on Accelerating Agricultural Development (Draft)" adopted in principle by the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China affirmed the responsibility system of "workers are contracted to the operation group, and the labor remuneration is linked to the output", but it still stipulated that "it is not allowed to contract production to households, and it is not allowed to work independently". 1In September, 1979, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China revised and formally adopted the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Issues Concerning Accelerating Agricultural Development, which changed the draft from "no farm quota" to "no farm quota" and preliminarily affirmed the method of "farm quota". At the same time, some sideline production with special needs and single-family production quotas with remote areas and inconvenient transportation are allowed. This is a step to relax the policy. In the spring of 1980, there was a heated debate about whether to give families a fixed production quota. On May 3 1 day, Comrade Deng Xiaoping officially stated: "After the rural policy was relaxed, some places suitable for contracting production to households engaged in contracting production to households, with good results and rapid changes." This strongly supports the policy of promoting rural land reform. In September, the Central Committee issued Several Issues on Further Strengthening and Perfecting the Responsibility System for Agricultural Production. This document not only emphasizes that the collective economy is the foundation of China's rural economy, but also fully affirms the professional contracting and remuneration responsibility system, and basically affirms the practice of fixing production quotas to households. After the central directive was issued, the promotion scope of production responsibility system expanded rapidly, and various forms of contract responsibility system developed rapidly, especially the development of household contract responsibility system. By 198 1 month, 97.8% of rural basic accounting units in China had established various forms of production responsibility system, of which 50% were contracted to households.

1982 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China approved the Minutes of the National Rural Work Conference, which clearly affirmed the socialist nature of the household contract system for the first time, and pointed out: "The various responsibility systems currently implemented, including small-scale fixed remuneration system, professional contract remuneration system, joint production and joint labor system, household production system, household production system and group production system, are all socialist collective economies. This further dispelled people's ideological doubts and promoted the rapid development of household production quotas. According to the statistics of 1982 1 1 month, the production teams with household contract account for 78.8% of the total number of the Corps.

1983 1 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the document "Several Issues on Current Rural Economic Policy", pointing out that the household contract system is "a great creation of farmers in China under the leadership of the Party" and demanding that "wherever the masses demand this method, they should actively support it". Under the guidance and call of this policy, the household contract system has not only been popularized in general areas, but also developed rapidly in coastal economically developed areas and areas with high degree of agricultural mechanization in Northeast China. By the end of 1983, 97.8% of the production teams in China were engaged in household contracting. Since then, household contract management has entered a stable and perfect stage.

1 984 65438+1October1day, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Notice on Rural Work in 1984, which further stipulated the land contract policy. The main contents include: stabilizing and perfecting the contract responsibility system of joint production and extending the land contract period, generally above 15; Encourage land to gradually concentrate on farming experts; Farmers should make reasonable compensation for their investment in land; Private plots and contracted land shall not be sold, leased or converted into homestead and other non-agricultural land; In order to improve the system of unification and separation, regional cooperative economic organizations based on land ownership should be established; Further relax the policy, speed up the development of mountainous areas, waters and grasslands, encourage planting grass and trees, improve grasslands, develop aquaculture and protect natural resources.

The second stage is the big running-in stage (1985.1-1995438+0.12). At this stage, the household contract responsibility system is in the process of fierce differentiation, reorganization and re-integration in the transition from planned economy to market economy. Its institutional feature is that the rural economic system reform develops in depth, and it shifts to the circulation field of agricultural products and agricultural means of production in an all-round way, which impacts one of the most basic economic systems in the planned economy period-"the system of unified purchase and marketing". The first nationwide "difficulty in selling grain" appeared in 1984, which declared the success of the major reform policy of household contract responsibility system. During this period, the first stage of land policy was mainly implementation and innovation.

1985 65438+ 10 1 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the document "Ten Policies on Further Revitalizing the Rural Economy". The document pointed out that after breaking the "big pot" of collective economy, the focus of rural work is to further reform the agricultural management system, reform the system of unified purchase and marketing of agricultural products, expand market regulation under the guidance of state plans, adapt agricultural production to market needs, promote the rationalization of rural industrial structure, and further invigorate the rural economy. Marked by this document, the rural areas of China began the second-step reform with the reform of the system of unified purchase and marketing of agricultural products and the adjustment of industrial structure as the main contents. 1986 1 year 1 October1the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued 1986 Rural Work Deployment. The document points out that rural areas in China have begun to develop commodity economy in a planned way. Agriculture and rural industry must develop harmoniously, and organically combine "no work and no wealth" with "no agricultural instability". These two policy documents are actually about land contract management. 1987 65438+1On October 22nd, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Notice on Deepening Rural Reform. The notice pointed out that it is necessary to improve the two-tier management system combining decentralized management with unified management and stabilize the household contract system; Develop various forms of economic union; Implement a long-term and stable policy for all kinds of self-employed professional households and individual operators in rural areas; Adjust the industrial structure and promote the transfer of agricultural labor force. 1on June 25th, 986, the 6th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)16th meeting passed the Law of the People's Republic of China on Land Management, which confirmed the household contract responsibility system in legal form, further enriched the connotation of the current land contract policy, and made land subcontracting move from theory to reality.

The first nationwide "difficulty in selling grain" appeared in 1984, which declared the success of the major reform policy of household contract responsibility system. But at the same time, the household contract responsibility system has also been criticized by some people. In this case, during the period from 1985 to 1988, the land contracting policy was somewhat "shaken". In some places, farmers' contracted land was forcibly taken back against their wishes and the contracts were changed at will, which greatly dampened their enthusiasm for production. In response to these chaotic phenomena in thought and practice, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council have successively issued two documents: one is the Notice on Agriculture and Rural Work issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the State Council 199 12 1, which requires Party committees and governments at all levels to continue to give priority to agriculture and rural work and earnestly do a good job. Another document is1991165438+1On October 25th, the Eighth Plenary Session of the 13th CPC Central Committee issued the Decision on Further Strengthening Agriculture and Rural Work. The decision clearly stipulates for the first time: "The responsibility system based on household contract production and the two-tier management system combining unification and separation will be a basic system of rural collective economic organizations in China, which will be stable and constantly improved for a long time."

The third stage is the great transformation stage (1992.5438+0—1996.438+02). This stage means that the rural economy in the traditional sense began to turn into the running track of the modern market economy and gradually developed. After Deng Xiaoping's southern tour speech, the rural economy set off a new climax, especially the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which opened the curtain of China's socialist market economy. The land policy at this stage mainly includes the following contents.

1In April 1993, the Eighth National People's Congress revised the Constitution revised in1June 1948+1988 again. This revision brings the household contract responsibility system into the constitutional scope for the first time, making it a basic economic system of the country, thus solving the disputes and criticisms about the household contract responsibility system for many years. This is an important support for the policy change of household contract responsibility system. 1993165438+15 October, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued "Several Policies and Measures on Current Agricultural and Rural Economic Development", which clearly stated: "After the expiration of the original agricultural land contract period, it will be extended for another 30 years." According to the central government's policy spirit, from 65438 to 0993, the second round of land contracting was started in all regions of the country, and the policy of "extending the land contracting period for another 30 years" was implemented. 1On March 28th, 995, the State Council approved the Notice of the Ministry of Agriculture on the Opinions on Stabilizing and Perfecting Land in contract relationship. The circular calls for earnestly safeguarding the seriousness of agricultural contracting, actively and steadily extending the land contracting period, advocating the practice of increasing the number of people without increasing the land and reducing the number of people without reducing the land during the contracting period, establishing a circulation mechanism of land contractual management rights, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of heirs, and strengthening the leadership over the work of extending the land contracting period. 1On August 27th, 1997, in order to further stabilize and improve the land contract policy, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council jointly issued the Notice on Further Stabilizing and Improving the Rural Land contract relationship, which made specific provisions on the land use right transfer system.

The fourth stage is the stage of great development (1997.5438+0—2002.438+02). This stage refers to the process that the household contract responsibility system has been baptized by the market economy, and the second round of land contract work has been started in an all-round way, and it has changed to modern market agriculture. The main land policies at this stage are as follows.

1September, 1997 12, the 15th national congress of China was held, and the congress adopted the report "Hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and push the cause of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century in an all-round way". The report emphasizes that it is necessary to "stabilize the household contract responsibility system for joint production for a long time, improve the two-tier management system combining unification and separation, and gradually expand the collective economy." This clear guiding policy has made a good start for the development of land policy. 1On August 29th, 998, the Tenth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress passed the revised land management law. For the first time, this law has raised the land policy of the Party that "the term of contracted operation of land is 30 years" into law. This is a typical example of the legalization of China's land policy, which makes the "land contract period of 30 years" legally guaranteed.

199810 June 14 The Third Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of China adopted the Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues in Agriculture and Rural Work. This epoch-making agricultural policy, on the basis of fully affirming household contract management, puts forward cross-century policy guidelines and policy requirements for land contract policy. The policy of this decision is "the basic policy of long-term stability in rural areas." Of course, this policy also applies to the land contract policy. 199965438+1October1the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council's Opinions on Doing a Good Job in Rural Agriculture1999 further stipulated the extension of land contract on the basis of 1998. On June 5438+1October1day, 2000, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee adopted "the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Proposal on Formulating the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development", pointing out that it is necessary to speed up the legalization of rural land system and stabilize the two-tier management system based on household contract management for a long time. This is a new requirement for household contract policy at the turn of the century. 200 1 03 15 The Outline of the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development in People's Republic of China (PRC), which was adopted at the Fourth Session of the Ninth National People's Congress, pointed out that the legalization of rural land system should be accelerated and the two-tier household contract responsibility system based on household contract management should be stabilized for a long time. On the basis of stabilizing land contract relationship for a long time, we will encourage qualified areas to actively explore the reform of the land management right transfer system. On August 29th, 2002, the 29th session of the 9th the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) passed the Rural Land Contract Law of People's Republic of China (PRC). The law stipulates the land contract policy. The main contents are embodied in the following aspects: First, the country implements the rural land contract management system. The second is to protect the right to contracted management of land according to law. Third, men and women enjoy equal rights. Fourth, the transfer of land contractual management rights must follow the principle of voluntariness. Fifth, the contractor shall not take back the contracted land during the contract period.

Third, the evolution of land management policies.

Land management policies are relative to the current land management system, including rural land management policies and urban land management policies. Before 1982, land management policies were mainly rural land management policies. After 1982, rural and urban land management policies began to develop equally. This paper focuses on the land management policy after 1982. There are roughly the following stages:

The first stage is the reversal of the multi-head management stage (1982.1-1985.438+02). Before 1982, China implemented a system of land division between urban and rural areas and decentralized management of land use departments. After 1982, the Ministry of Agriculture established the Bureau of Land Management, forming a pattern that rural land is under the management of the Ministry of Agriculture and urban land is under the management of the Ministry of Construction. The land policies in this period mainly include: Regulations on the Management of Rural Construction Land 1982 issued by the State Council on February 3rd. Article 3 of the regulations stipulates: "China has a large population and a small land, and it is our national policy to cherish and make rational use of every inch of land." 1On September 20th, 983, the State Council issued the Regulations on the Implementation of the Law on Sino-foreign Joint Ventures. Chapter VII of the Regulations made special provisions on the policy issues of the right to use the site and its expenses. 1983165438+10/9. In view of some enterprises, institutions or individuals' illegal buying, selling and leasing of land, the State Council issued the Notice on Stopping Buying, Selling and Leasing of Land, demanding that "it must be resolutely stopped"; 1984 12.25 The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries and other four ministries jointly issued the Interim Measures for the Use of Land Expropriation Expenses, which made specific provisions on relevant policies on land expropriation expenses. 1985 10.5 The Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection issued "Several Opinions on Unified Development and Comprehensive Construction of Market Towns", which specifically stipulated the relevant policies for market towns' land use.

The second stage is the unified management of urban and rural areas (1986.1-1996.438+02). The practice in recent years has proved that the system of dividing land between urban and rural areas and decentralized management is extremely unsuitable for the basic national conditions of China's lack of cultivated land resources. 1986 in March, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council made a decision to establish a new system of unified land administration in urban and rural areas. By the end of 1996, China had initially formed a five-level management system of central, provincial, prefecture (city), county (city) and township (town). There were many land management policies in this period, mainly including: 1987, 1 In April, the State Council issued the Provisional Regulations on Farmland Occupation Tax, which stipulated the policy issues of farmland occupation tax collection, payment and use; 1988, 12 In July, the State Council issued the Provisional Regulations on Urban Land Use Tax, which stipulated the policy issues of collection, payment and use of urban state-owned land use tax. 1990 may19, the State Council issued the "provisional regulations on the assignment and transfer of urban state-owned land use rights", which stipulated some policy issues on the assignment of urban land use rights. 1On July 4, 1994, the State Council issued the Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, which stipulated specific policy issues such as the delineation, protection and supervision of basic farmland.

The third stage is the stage of system transition (1997.5438+0—2002.438+02). With the deepening of reform and the development of the situation, the land management policy under the current land management system has been difficult to meet the needs of strengthening land management and effectively protecting cultivated land. In this case, it is necessary to reform the current "compartmentalization system" and change the current land management policy that lags behind practice. The land policies at this stage mainly include: April 1997 "Notice of the State Council, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Strengthening Land Management and Effectively Protecting Cultivated Land"; 65438+ Notice of General Office of the State Council City, the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC on Continuing to Freeze Farmland Occupied by Non-agricultural Construction Projects on March 29th, 0998; 1June 1998 16 Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Internal Structure and Staffing of the Ministry of Land and Resources. In addition, the State Bureau of Land Management issued the Regulation on Freezing Farmland Occupied by Non-agricultural Construction Projects on May 20th, 1997. 1998 February 17 Interim Provisions on the Administration of Allocated Land Use Rights in the Reform of State-owned Enterprises; 65438+ the State Council General Office1Notice on Strengthening Land Transfer Management and Prohibiting Land Speculation issued on May 6, 999; Measures for Disposal of Idle Land issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources on April 28th,1999; 65438+1February 2, 19991day, the General Office of the State Council issued the Notice on Further Improving the Management and Development of Rural "Four Wastes" Resources; On June 6, 2000, the Ministry of Land and Resources issued the Notice on Establishing a Tangible Land Market to Promote the Transaction of Land Use Rights. The State Council's Opinions on Further Improving the Pilot Work of Returning Farmland to Forests and Grasslands on September 6, 2000 5438+00; Interim Measures for the Administration of State-invested Land Development and Consolidation Projects issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources on October 8th, 2000; Interim Measures for the Management of Land Reclamation Projects for Comprehensive Agricultural Development issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources on February 29, 2000; Outline of the Tenth Five-year Plan for Land Asset Management issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources in April 2002. Here are three policy documents:

1On April 5, 1997, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the Notice on Further Strengthening Land Management and Effectively Protecting Cultivated Land (also known as the document of the Central Committee 1 1), which is a very typical policy document. The main policy contents of the notice are: strengthening macro-management of land; Further strengthen the management of examination and approval of construction land; Strictly control the scale of urban construction land; Strengthen the management of rural collective land; Strengthen the management of state-owned land assets; Strengthen the supervision and inspection of land management law enforcement. On June 18, 2000, the State Council and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued "Several Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of Small Towns", which is a land management policy specially formulated for small towns. The main contents are as follows: the development of small towns should be unified planning, centralized land use, intensive land use and protection of cultivated land; Construction land for small towns should be incorporated into the overall land use planning and annual land use plan of provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), cities (prefectures) and counties (cities); The land for construction in small towns shall be used with compensation, except that it can be allocated according to law. On April 4th, 20001year, the State Council issued the Notice on Strengthening the Management of State-owned Land Assets, which is a land management policy specially formulated for state-owned land assets. The main contents are: strictly control the total supply of construction land; Strictly implement the system of paid use of state-owned land; Vigorously promote the bidding and auction of state-owned land use rights; Strengthen the management of land use right transfer; Strengthen land price management; Standardize the administrative behavior of land examination and approval.

Fourth, some discussions.

1? In the 24 years since the reform and opening up, the land policy has undergone tremendous and amazing changes and achieved remarkable results compared with the 28 years before the reform and opening up. First, the formulation of land policy is becoming more and more detailed, and the implementation and supervision system of land policy is becoming more and more perfect. Second, the number of land policies is increasing. Third, the quality of land policy is getting higher and higher. Fourth, the content of land policy is becoming more and more comprehensive. Fifth, the land policy system is improving day by day. These achievements have played an important role in reforming and perfecting land ownership and land management system, improving land output rate and increasing land tax collection.

2? Generally speaking, the characteristics of land policy in the past 24 years are reflected in three aspects: First, innovation. For example, the household contract policy is an innovative policy. The second is exploratory. For example, the policy of paid land use is an exploratory policy. The third is to be good at and dare to learn from it. For example, the assignment and transfer of land use rights is a reference policy. Specifically, the land policy of the people's commune in the later period has three characteristics: first, it continues to implement the land policy under the conditions of the people's commune; Second, we began to pay attention to the formulation and implementation of policies for rational land development and utilization; Third, public ownership of land owned by the state and collectively owned by land has been established under the new situation. The household contract policy has four characteristics: first, creativity. From 65438 to 0978, Xiaogang village in Fengyang, Anhui Province creatively invented the "indigenous method" of "fixing production quotas to households", which solved the problem of food and clothing for villagers in that year. But this "fixed production quota" is only partial and regional, and it is still an "indigenous method" after all. Therefore, in order to promote and gain legitimacy in a large area, we must also rely on relevant national policy documents to regulate it. So far, the central documents 1982 1, 1983 1 and 1984/have been transformed, summarized and sublimated, which makes the family contracting policy show great creativity. The second is gradualism. The development of household contract policy is not "achieved overnight", but gradually advanced. 1September 1979, the central government initially affirmed the method of "fixing production quotas to households"; 1September 1980, the central government basically affirmed the method of "fixing production quotas to households"; 198 1 year1October, the central government officially affirmed the socialist nature of "fixing production quotas to households". At this point, the policy of "fixing production quotas to households" can be regarded as a "positive result". The third is the stage. The family contract system is not pushed across the country at once, nor is it set at 30 years at once, but is carried out in stages. In the first round of contracting, although the central government began to promote the work of "contracting production to households" on 1979, it was really promoted nationwide at the end of 1983. 1993165438+1October, the central government requested that the first round of contracting 15 be extended for another 30 years. This work was implemented from 1994 until1June 1998, with 70% unfinished and basically completed in 2000. It is obviously inappropriate and unacceptable to set the land contract period at 45 years from the beginning. The central household contract policy is divided into two stages, one is 15 and the other is 30 years, which conforms to the trend of the times and has been widely recognized by the whole society. The fourth is driving. The advent and implementation of household contract policy has effectively promoted the development of land development policy, land use policy, land protection policy, grain circulation policy, real estate industry policy and other policies, and has become the source of economic and social policy development. Land management policy has five characteristics: First, it is bottom-up. For example, the policy of paid land use was first implemented in coastal areas such as Shenzhen and Zhuhai, and later rose to national policy. The second is to learn from transplantation. Such as paid land use policy, land lease policy, land consolidation policy and land use control policy. Are the products of reference or transplantation. Third, the first state is reunion with the collective. For example, the transfer of land use rights means that urban state-owned land can be transferred first, and collective land can be stipulated after conditions are ripe. The fourth is to try it first and then promote it. For example, land registration policy, land planning implementation policy and collective land transfer policy will be piloted first, and then promoted nationwide. The fifth is to turn policies into laws and regulations. Such as the basic national land policy, land use control policy, land registration policy and paid land use policy are typical examples.

3? At present, there are four main problems in land policy: first, there are many macro land policies and few micro land policies. Second, the land mortgage policy is not perfect. Third, the land property right policy is too principled and lacks maneuverability. Fourth, the collective land transfer policy is not perfect.

① In the process of studying the land policy of new China, the author divides the 23 years from 1959 to 1982 into three stages: the land policy in the early stage of the people's commune (1959,65438+10 to1982). ③ Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1975-1982), People's Publishing House, 1986, p. 275.