First, the original nature
In matriarchal society, women not only live in a relatively free position, but also in a highly respected position. Women have amazing creativity. They are heroes who conquer nature, mothers who create everything, gods who create inventions and masters of social life. People not only worship women in reality, but also transfer this worship to the worship of natural objects, which in turn reflects the worship of women from the worship of nature. Women's rights in matriarchal society, such as the right to bear children and raise ethnic groups, and the right to organize clan life and production, are naturally endowed, and there is no artificial privilege in the legal sense. Only after fulfilling the inherent rights and obligations can women gain the respect of the whole society. This kind of female consciousness is actually ignorant and natural, and people, men and women are also naturally equal. Engels once said in the preface to the fourth edition of The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State, "In the era of individual marriage when paternal identity was confirmed or at least recognized, the unique significance of this female lineage has been preserved for a long time." (1) Women's sense of freedom continued until the arrival of a patriarchal society, and the custom of intermarriage prevailed in the era of the Five Emperors. For example, the birth of the ancestral deed of Shang Dynasty was that his virgin giant butterfly swallowed the big egg of the bird of God, and the ancestor of Zhou Dynasty, Hou Ji, only had his mother, Jiang Yuan, and I don't know who his father was ... These are the mythological reappearance of the female-centered consciousness in matriarchal society.
The era of the Five Emperors is an important era of historical turning point in social life and gender relations. With the development of productive forces, the first social division of labor took place, and animal husbandry and agriculture were separated from hunting and gathering. The dominant position of women in traditional industries has gradually given way to men who are good at grazing and planting, and the role of men in clan organizations has also occupied a dominant position. Inheritance gradually shifted to paternal line, so patriarchy replaced matriarchal system. "The overthrow of matriarchal system is the failure of women with world historical significance." (2) In the patriarchal society, men have replaced women as the core figures active in the social stage, and women's role has been devalued, losing their lofty social status, and people have also turned from worshipping nature and reproduction to worshiping "heaven" and "strength". The so-called "heaven" is the symbol of the male ruler-the "emperor", and the pan-natural gods related to women are all ruled by the "emperor". And "strength" is a symbol of power and a representative of strength. Han Feizi once said: "In ancient times, people struggled for strength." . Whoever is strong and brave can save himself and conquer other tribes, thus making his clan or tribe members respect. As a typical monogamous family has been formed, with the emergence of private ownership, the problem of paternal inheritance has become prominent. Engels said: "Monogamy is not based on natural conditions, but on economic conditions, that is, the formation of the first family based on the victory of private ownership over the original naturally growing public ownership. The husband is in a dominant position in the family, and should inherit his property when he gives birth to his own children-this is the only purpose of monogamous marriage system publicly announced by the Greeks. (3) Therefore, under the general situation of the development of this family and private ownership, the monogamous marriage system began, which turned a new page in the status of women in China. Women's consciousness was infinitely suppressed by men's consciousness, and the history of slavery began.
The Tang Dynasty was an era of unprecedented economic prosperity, unprecedented ideological activity and unprecedented women's liberation, but what we should see is that this unprecedented women's liberation is actually a manifestation of the primitiveness of women's consciousness. The Han nationality in Sui and Tang Dynasties is a new Han nationality with the Han nationality as the paternal line and Xianbei as the maternal line. Tang Wenhua embodies a fearless and unscrupulous inclusive style. All the factors, forms and styles can be found in the culture of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, women living in this period naturally have many differences with women in other dynasties in China feudal society. The greatest manifestation of the integration of Hu and Han is that Hu culture, as a nomadic people, has injected a chivalrous spirit into the Han cultural system as a farming people. Tang people are not only "Hu Qi" in temperament, but also "Hu Feng" in legislation. Women in the Tang Dynasty were bold and vigorous in this "Hu Feng" cultural atmosphere and in the "Ren Hu" society with weak etiquette, which was definitely not like the shyness and gentleness of the Southern Dynasties and the gentleness and elegance of the Han Dynasty. For example, women in the Tang Dynasty had certain legal inheritance rights in family life, and women could be the heads of households alone, with relatively independent economic status and played a role in many aspects of social life. Women in the Tang Dynasty were also quite jealous. "Miscellanies of the Western Han Dynasty" records: "Before Dali, the wife of a scholar-bureaucrat was jealous." The allusion of "jealousy" originated in the Tang Dynasty. The so-called "strong woman, weak husband, strong inside and soft outside" and "it's not bad to be afraid of women" have become the "topic" talked about in the note novels of the Tang Dynasty. Due to the influence of Hu Feng, women's aesthetics in Tang Dynasty changed from advocating thinness in Wei and Jin Dynasties to advocating health and fullness. The scenes of women riding horses and hitting the ball in some works of art in the Tang Dynasty are contrary to the tradition of taking femininity as the norm in China culture, revealing Hu's lively, brave and unrestrained character. Therefore, women in the Tang Dynasty have their unique charm among traditional women in China. Or in other words, in the social and economic life of women in the Tang Dynasty, women's consciousness was revived to a certain extent. This is a major feature of female culture in the Tang Dynasty. This primitive recovery. It is different from the liberation of modern and contemporary women's female consciousness, but a release of female consciousness after being suppressed for several years, and a release and expression of "Hu culture" and "Hu feng". Therefore, the revival of women in the Tang Dynasty is more reflected in the revival of sexual consciousness and the pursuit of free communication between the two sexes in lifestyle and lifestyle.