Spartan Uprising was the biggest slave uprising in Roman Republic. Spartak was a thracian. He served in the Roman army and escaped and was captured. In 73 BC, he was sent to the gladiator school in Gapuya and became a gladiator slave. Because of the abuse of slave owners, he planned an uprising and led more than 70 gladiators to escape to Mount Vesuvius. In 7 1 year BC, a decisive battle was launched in Gabon. The rebels were defeated under the superior forces of Rome. Spartak died heroically, and more than 6,000 uprising slaves were crucified. This uprising attacked the rule of Roman slave owners and accelerated the demise of the Roman Republic. The British bourgeois revolution is also known as the Puritan Revolution. /kloc-the revolution of establishing bourgeois rule in Britain in the 0/7th century. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, there was a sharp contradiction between the British bourgeoisie, new noble and the feudal autocratic Stuart dynasty. Feudal autocracy has become a serious obstacle to the development of British capitalism. Charles ii died in 1685, and James II succeeded to the throne in an attempt to restore Catholicism, endangering the interests of the bourgeoisie and new noble. In Congress, the bourgeoisie and new noble staged a coup in 1688 (also known as the "glorious revolution"), overthrew the Restoration Dynasty, welcomed James II's daughter Mary and her husband William, who was in power in the Netherlands, as the king and queen of England, and finally established a constitutional monarchy in Britain. The British bourgeois revolution ushered in the era of bourgeois world revolution, and 1640 is usually regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The industrial revolution is also called the industrial revolution. It is the transformation process of capitalism from workshop handicraft industry to machine industry. This revolution originated in Britain 18 in the 1960s. It is not only the innovation of production technology, but also the change of production relations. The British industrial revolution began in the cotton textile industry and gradually developed into mining, metallurgy and machine building. By the end of 1930s, the British industrial revolution was basically completed. France, the United States, Germany, Japan, Russia and other countries have also carried out industrial revolutions since then. The industrial revolution greatly improved the social productive forces and laid a solid material foundation for the capitalist system to finally defeat the feudal system in the19th century. It has also split the whole society into two opposing classes-the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and the workers' movement has continued to develop; The industrial revolution has also brought the world closer together. The Napoleonic War was an international war between France under Napoleon and the countries of the European anti-French alliance at the beginning of the19th century. During the rule of the French government, Napoleon was ordered to make an expedition to Italy and won the first great victory of the anti-French alliance. After the coup in Fog Moon, he won the second anti-French alliance. 1804 proclaimed himself emperor, and he won a brilliant victory in the battle of Austerlitz, defeating the third anti-French alliance. 1806 and 1807, Prussia and Russia, the important members of the fourth anti-French alliance, were defeated through the battles of Jena and Friedland. 1809, France repelled the fifth anti-French alliance. 18 12, Napoleon went to Russia, but he was finally defeated. 18 13 years, before Napoleon could catch his breath, the sixth anti-French alliance, mainly composed of Britain and Russia, was defeated by Napoleon in the battle of Leipzig in March of 18 14. 1865438+In March 2005, Napoleon led a few people to land in the south of France, returned to Paris and ascended the throne. The seventh anti-French alliance was formed immediately, and the two sides fought at Waterloo. Napoleon was defeated and exiled to St. Helena in the Atlantic Ocean. 18 14 the countries of the anti-French alliance held a meeting with France in Vienna, and France signed a peace treaty with the anti-French alliance as a defeated country. The Napoleonic Wars brought great disasters to the French people and the occupied nations, but the wars spread French revolutionary ideas to the whole of Europe, which greatly destroyed the feudal system in Europe. Paris Commune Revolution 187 1 is a revolution with historical initiative held by workers in Paris, France, in order to seize the bourgeois regime and establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. At the end of the second French Empire, socialist ideas were widely spread among workers. On March 18, workers in Paris rose to seize power. The government of thiers fled to Versailles. The election of the Paris Commune Committee was held on 26th, and the Paris Commune was formally established on 28th. On may 2 1 day, Versailles counter-revolutionary army invaded Paris with the help of Prussian army. After fierce street fighting, the commune failed on the 28th. The Paris Commune occupies an extremely important position in the history of the workers' movement and the communist movement, leaving extremely valuable experience for the international communist movement, and its revolutionary principles are eternal. The American War of Independence is also known as the North American War of Independence. 1775 to 1783, the colonial people of North America 13 overthrew British colonial rule and fought for independence. On April 1775, the first shot of the War of Independence was fired in Lexington, a suburb of Boston. 10 in may, representatives from 13 colonial countries held the second continental congress in Philadelphia, adopted the resolution to form a continental army, and appointed George Washington as commander-in-chief. 1776 On July 4th, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, officially declaring that the North American 13 colony broke away from Britain and became an independent United States of America. 178 1 year, the main force of the British army was defeated in Yorktown, and Kang Hua surrendered, and the war ended. 1783 In September, Britain and the United States signed the Paris Peace Treaty, and Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States. The first bourgeois republic appeared in America. The American War of Independence was a national liberation war and a bourgeois revolution, which overthrew British colonial rule and opened the way for the development of American capitalism. Meiji Restoration/KLOC-Bourgeois Reform Movement of Meiji Government in Japan in the second half of the 9th century. 186865438+ 10, the closing faction overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate and returned the political power to Emperor Meiji. Under the auspices of the anti-curtain faction, the new government has carried out large-scale reforms in politics, economy and society. History is called "Meiji Restoration". Through the Meiji Restoration, Japan abolished the feudal vassal system, got rid of the colonial crisis, established a modern nation-state and ensured the development of capitalism. It is a turning point in Japan's transition from feudal society to capitalist society. However, it also retained a large number of feudal remnants, which led to the rapid development of feudal monopoly state capital and privileged chaebol capital, leading to Japan becoming a military feudal imperialist country. And soon embarked on the road of foreign aggression. Russian October Revolution19171KLOC-0/The socialist revolution in which the Russian proletariat overthrew bourgeois rule under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin was called the October Revolution because it happened in the Russian calendar. 1917165438+16 October, the Petrograd armed uprising began. 165438+1October 7 uprising victory. That night, the second congress of the all-Russian Soviet Union was held, announcing that all political power was owned by the Soviet Union. On the 8th, the Peace Act and the Land Law were passed. On the evening of the 8th, the People's Committee, the first Soviet government chaired by Lenin, was established. From March 19 17 10 to March 19 18, Soviet regimes were established all over the country. The October Revolution is one of the most important events in the 20th century. It created the first socialist country under the dictatorship of the proletariat and opened a new era in human history. World War I was a war between the Allies and the two imperialist groups of the Allies to carve up the world from 19 14 to 19 18. 1965438+The Sarajevo incident on June 28th, 2004 became the fuse of the great war. On July 23rd, Austria-Hungary made an ultimatum to Serbia and declared war on Serbia on July 28th. Russia announced its support for Serbia's general mobilization on the 30th. On August 1 3, the Germans used this as an excuse to declare war on Russia and France successively. On the 4th, Britain declared war on Germany. On the 6th, Austria and Hungary declared war on Russia. On August 23rd, Japan declared war on Germany. 19 18 from March to July, Germany launched four offensives on the western front, all of which were defeated. In August, the allied forces counterattacked on all fronts. Bulgaria surrendered on September 29th. 65438+1October 3 1 Turkey quits the war. 165438+1On October 3rd, Austria and Hungary announced their surrender. At the same time, a revolution broke out in Germany and the monarchy was overthrown. On June165438+1October 1 1 day, German representatives signed an armistice agreement with French Marshal Fauci, the allied commander, at Leitonde station in the forest of Compiè ne, France, and the First World War came to an end. World War I had a great influence on international relations. The war led to the victory of the Russian proletarian socialist revolution and further promoted the development of the colonial liberation movement; At the same time, capitalist European countries have gone into decline. Paris Peace Conference1919 65438+10/8, a peace conference held in Paris by the victors and vanquished countries of the First World War. The meeting was manipulated by the heads of government of the United States, Britain and France. The meeting signed the Treaty of Versailles. The Allies also signed contracts with Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and Turkey respectively. The Treaty of Versailles and these treaties together constitute the so-called "Versailles system". In this way, a new post-war imperialist order was established. The economic crisis of 1929 is by far the most serious and longest-lasting economic crisis in the history of the world. 1Thursday, October 24th, 1929, the price of new york stock market plunged as soon as it opened, and soon spread all over the world, so it was called "Black Thursday". The crisis involved many industries, such as industry, agriculture, commerce and finance, and lasted until 1933. During the crisis, the prices of agricultural products plummeted. During the crisis, financial crises broke out in various countries and a large number of banks closed down. In the United States, from 1929 to 1933, 10500 banks went bankrupt, accounting for 49% of the national banks. This economic crisis is a concentrated outbreak of internal contradictions in the capitalist system, which has intensified the contradictions among imperialist countries and triggered the turmoil in the world political structure. At the same time, this economic crisis has also become a turning point in the history of capitalist development, announcing the end of the era of free capitalism. In World War II, the people of the world and anti-fascist countries opposed the anti-fascist war of the Axis countries of Germany, Italy and Japan. 193 1 year, Japanese troops invaded northeast China. 1936 Italy invaded Ethiopia and Germany and Italy intervened in Spain. In the same year, Germany, Italy and Japan formed the Axis Group. 1937 In July, Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. Due to the appeasement policy pursued by Britain, France and the United States, Germany annexed Austria and occupied Czechoslovakia from March 1938 to 1939. 1939 September 1, Germany attacked Poland. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany, and the Second World War broke out in an all-round way. 1945 On May 2nd, Soviet troops conquered Berlin, and on May 8th, Germany surrendered unconditionally. On August 15, Japan announced its surrender. On September 2, Japan signed the surrender book. The anti-fascist World War II ended successfully. The war dealt a heavy blow to the international imperialist forces, promoted the national liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America, made the socialist forces grow unprecedentedly, greatly changed the world outlook and promoted the development process of human history. Pacific War The war of aggression launched by Japanese fascists during the Second World War, with Japan as one side and the anti-fascist allies of the United States, Britain, the Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific region as one side, was an important part of the Second World War. Soviet Patriotic War 194 1 ~ 1945, a just war of the Soviet people against the aggression of fascist Germany and its Eurasian allies. Potsdam Conference1945 July17 ~ August 2, the heads of government of the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain held an international conference in Potsdam, a suburb of Berlin. Participants included Stalin, Chairman of the Soviet People's Committee, Truman, President of the United States and Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The meeting determined that the political principles for the occupation of Germany were demilitarization, democratization, elimination of Nazism, arrest and trial of war criminals; The economic principles for dealing with Germany are: eliminating Germany's fighting potential, prohibiting military production and developing a peaceful economy; Su Meiying's claim for compensation from Germany will be met by German materials; Delineate Poland's national boundaries. The meeting also reached agreements on Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland. The meeting also signed the Protocol of Potsdam Conference and other documents. The Potsdam Conference had a great influence on the development of post-war international relations. The advent of the atomic bomb1July 1945 16, the atomic bomb developed by the United States exploded successfully in the Alamos region of New Mexico, announcing the birth of the atomic bomb. The whole development process was named Manhattan Project. From August 1942 to the first half of 1945, scientists finally developed an experimental atomic bomb, which was successfully exploded in the Los Alamos desert area of New Mexico at 5: 30 on July 1945. The great lethality of the atomic bomb shocked the world, and it became a political weapon for its owners to deter weak countries. After the end of World War II, in order to compete for world hegemony, superpowers launched an arms race with the development of nuclear weapons as the main content, preparing for nuclear war, which seriously threatened world peace and security. After the Cold War and World War II, the East-West bloc headed by the Soviet Union and the United States, mainly the United States and the Soviet Union, confronted each other in various fields, including economy, military affairs, diplomacy, culture and ideology. The word "Cold War" was first put forward by Herbert swope, an American political critic. From Churchill's Fulton speech and the rise of Truman Doctrine to the end of the second summit of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in June, the Cold War lasted for more than 40 years 1990+05438+ 10. In a sense, the contemporary history of the world is a history of the cold war.

And the Treaty of Versailles and so on.