Unit 1 Stepping into the Threshold of Modern Society
The first lesson is to declare war on the Renaissance, the strangler of human nature.
I. Renaissance Movement
1, time and scope:14-16th century, which first occurred in Italy and later spread to almost all countries in western Europe.
2. Concept:14-16th century, many artists and scientists explored and inherited the cultural traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, and pursued individual liberation and freedom of thought, which was called the Renaissance Movement.
3, the essence of the Renaissance:
The essence of Renaissance is not the revival of classical culture, but the bourgeoisie's anti-feudal struggle with classical culture and the rise of bourgeois culture.
4. The core idea of the Renaissance: humanism.
5. The historical role of the Renaissance: It was an ideological liberation movement that the bourgeoisie knocked on the door of modern society.
Second, the representative writers of the Renaissance
1, Dante (Italy)-the pioneer of the Renaissance;
The masterpiece is The Divine Comedy, which marks the beginning of Europe's transition from the Middle Ages to the modern society.
2. Leonardo da Vinci (Italy)-a versatile cultural giant;
Representative works include The Last Supper and Mona Lisa.
3. Shakespeare (England)-a master of literature;
His four tragedies: Othello, King Lear, Hamlet and Macbeth.
Lesson 2 Explorers' Dream-Opening up New Routes
First of all, the opening of new routes
1, the fundamental reason for the opening of the new air route: Europeans' fanatical pursuit of wealth such as oriental gold.
2. Objective conditions: the progress of shipbuilding and navigation technology, the understanding of the earth (earth circle theory), and the use of compass pointers.
Second, the results of opening up new routes.
1, Columbus's discovery: Columbus discovered the new continent of America.
Magellan: The voyage around the world has been realized.
Third, the role or influence of new route development:
1 tempered the spirit of Europeans to take risks and struggle bravely, connected all regions of the world, expanded the space and scope of human activities, and broke the previous situation that all regions of the world developed in isolation.
2. Europeans began hundreds of years of colonial plunder, colonial expansion and colonial aggression.
Lesson 3 Revolutions to Deprive Crown and Keep Crown
First, the reason why the British bourgeois revolution broke out: the feudal autocracy of Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development of capitalism.
Second, the British bourgeois revolution:
1. Start time: 1640.
2. The two sides of the struggle: the feudal forces headed by the king and new noble represented by the Congress.
3.* * *: Cromwell
4. 1649, King Charles I of England was executed, the feudal rule of Stuart dynasty was overthrown, and Britain entered a republic.
5. The symbol of the end of the British bourgeois revolution: 1688, the bourgeoisie and new noble staged a coup and overthrew the rule of James II. This coup is also known as the "glorious revolution".
Third, the achievement of the British bourgeois revolution-the promulgation of the Bill of Rights.
1, time: 1689
2. Promulgator: British Parliament.
3. The purpose of Bill of Rights is to restrict kingship.
4. Main contents: strictly limit the power of the king; It stipulates that congress has the highest power and clearly stipulates the rights that citizens should have.
5. The significance of the promulgation of the Bill of Rights: It marks the establishment of the British constitutional monarchy bourgeois rule.
Fourth, the historical significance of the British bourgeois revolution:
After the bourgeois revolution, Britain finally established the capitalist political system of constitutional monarchy. Embarked on the road of rapid development of capitalism and took the lead in opening the industrial revolution.
2. It promoted the development of European bourgeois revolution. Therefore, the British revolution is also a European revolution.
Lesson 4 Fighting for National Independence-American War of Independence
First, the root of the American War of Independence: British colonial autocracy hindered the development of capitalism in North America.
Second, the process of the American War of Independence.
1, the symbol of the beginning of the American Revolutionary War: Lexington gunfire (1775)
2. Flag of the Declaration of Independence
(1), time:1July 4, 776 (July 4 is the National Day of the United States).
(2) Formulation institution: Continental Congress.
Written by Thomas Jefferson. (4) The main contents of the Declaration of Independence. 1. Declare that all men are created equal and enjoy inalienable rights such as freedom, equality and the pursuit of happiness; B. declare the independence of North America 13 colony from Britain. (5) Significance of the Declaration of Independence: It marks the birth of the United States of America.
3. "Father of the Nation" Washington
(1) Saratoga-the turning point of the American War of Independence. (2) victory:
178 1 10 In June, British commander Cornwally led 7,000 British troops to surrender to Washington in Yorktown, and the military confrontation stage in the American War of Independence ended. 1783, the United States and Britain signed the Paris Peace Treaty, and Britain officially recognized American independence.
(3) Evaluation of Washington, the "father of the country". Washington led the American people to achieve national independence and create democratic politics. Become one of the most famous historical figures in American history.
Lesson 5 Fighting for the Democratic Republic-French bourgeois revolution
The fundamental reason of French bourgeois revolution: the feudal autocracy of Bourbon dynasty hindered the development of French capitalism.
French Revolution
1, the symbol of the beginning of the French bourgeois revolution:1July 789 14, the people of Paris captured the Bastille. July 14 was designated as French National Day.
2. Revolutionary achievement: the promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
(1), time: 1789
(2) Institution: Constituent Assembly
(3) Main contents: Advocating that people are born free and equal; Freedom, property, security and resistance are unshakable rights; Property rights are inviolable rights and so on.
(4) Significance: It embodies the requirements of opposing absolute monarchy and feudal hierarchy, which is of progressive significance. However, the democratic rights fought for by this revolution are enjoyed by a few people, and democracy, equality and freedom of the whole people are still the ideals and goals written on the banner.
4. The symbol of the end of the French bourgeois revolution: the hot moon coup (1794), which ended jacobins's rule and marked the end of the French bourgeois revolution.
5. Historical significance of the French bourgeois revolution: The French bourgeois revolution completely destroyed the feudal autocracy in France, made the idea of democratic republic widely spread, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of human society.
Lesson 6 Napoleon's literary skills and strategies
The amazing move of the artillery captain
1799, Napoleon staged a coup in the foggy month, seized state power and came to power.
Secondly, the Napoleonic Code is the first civil code of bourgeois countries, and its legislative spirit and principles have been used for reference and imitated by many later European countries.
The iron hoof of empire
1 and 1804, Napoleon established the first empire of France. The imperial iron hoof conquered almost all of Europe except Russia. The iron hoof of the empire, on the one hand, accelerated the transition of Europe from the Middle Ages to the modern society, on the other hand, it violated the interests of people in other countries and was resisted by all countries.
The fiasco of Waterloo made Napoleon quit French politics.
3. The period when Napoleon galloped the European battlefield and politics was called the "Napoleon" era.
Unit 2 The Establishment and Turbulence of Modern Society
The Steam Revolution that Changed the Face of the World —— The First Industrial Revolution
The industrial revolution began in 65438+60s, which first happened in the cotton textile industry in Britain.
The invention of freeing hands-Jenny machine invented by British worker Hargreaves. Jenny machine has become a truly modern machine, marking the beginning of the industrial revolution.
Driving force of steam
The Englishman Watt improved the steam engine.
Significance: Watt method improved the steam engine and brought mankind into "age of steam".
Roaring train era
American Fulton invented the steamboat.
An Englishman, Stephen Sun, invented the locomotive. Bring mankind into the train age.
The consequences of the industrial revolution
Created great productivity.
Capitalist society is increasingly divided into two directly opposite classes: the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
Environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious.
Lesson 8 The Struggle in Ancient India
1. 1600, Britain established the East India Company, and carried out colonial aggression against India. The representative figure in this period was Robert Robert Clive.
2. An uprising broke out in India in 1857. The heroine Queen Zhang Xi died heroically.
Lesson 9 Liberator's Style
First, the evil triangle trade.
From the16th century, European colonists began to sell black slaves from Africa to America, which lasted for hundreds of years, resulting in a large population loss in Africa.
Second, the journey of the liberator
The most famous colonial independence movement in western Latin America is Bolí var, known as the "liberator" of South America. In memory of Bolí var, the country named after him is Bolivia.
Lesson 10 "Declaration" to Open a New Era
First, the awakening of European workers.
The British Constitutional Movement, in which British workers put forward the People's Charter and demanded the right to vote, was the largest and longest-running early workers' movement in Europe.
Second, the publication of the * * * Declaration-the birth of scientific socialism
1, by Marx and Engels
2. Time: 1848
3. Significance: The Manifesto of * * * is the first great work that comprehensively and systematically expounds the basic principles of scientific socialism, and its publication marks the birth of Marxism.
Lesson 11 "Inner Bear is Nai" must be realized.
First, the attempt to seize power.
Paris commune (France)-the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power
Second, "Internationale" (Internazionale)
Lyrics: Eugè ne Pottier composed by Degeyter.
Unit 3 the development and end of modern society
Lesson 12 reform to avoid revolution
1. Reasons for Russia's reform in 186 1: The serfdom was in crisis.
Second, the purpose of Russia 186 1 reform is to safeguard the interests of the landlord class (to ease class contradictions and safeguard the interests of the rulers).
3. Leader: Tsar Alexander II
Fourth, the main content: Abolish serfdom.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) in essence: the czar government colluded with the landlord to extort and plunder the peasants.
Evaluation of intransitive verbs:
1, the nature of reform: top-down bourgeois reform.
2. Positive effects: the serfdom was abolished, domestic contradictions were alleviated, the revolution was avoided, and Russia embarked on the road of capitalist development.
3. Negative effects: farmers have paid a high price for personal freedom and land use rights, and shouldered a heavier economic burden. Politically, the czar's autocratic system has not changed in essence, and the working people still lack basic democratic rights. The modernization of tsarist Russia is still heavy and slow.
The civil war that decided America's fate
First, the root cause of the American Civil War: there are irreconcilable contradictions between the north and the south on labor, raw materials, and whether slavery is practiced in the newly-added territory in the west. Slavery hindered the development of capitalist economy.
Second, the fuse: Lincoln was elected president
Three. Promulgated the Emancipation Proclamation and the Homestead Act.
1. background: at the beginning of the civil war, the northern army lost one after another.
2. Purpose: To reverse the situation.
3. Significance: It mobilized the enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people and turned the war around.
Fourth, the end: the civil war ended in the victory of the north.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) the meaning of American Civil War;
The war abolished slavery, unified the North and the South politically and merged economically, and made American capitalism develop faster. The war maintained national unity and laid a solid foundation for later becoming the most developed capitalist country in the world.
Sixth, correctly evaluate Lincoln.
Lincoln launched a civil war, safeguarded national unity and abolished slavery, and was one of the famous figures in American history. Lincoln will be as famous as Washington in American history. )
Lesson 14 Social Change Led by Samurai-Meiji Restoration
First, the root cause of the Meiji Restoration: the crisis in the Tokugawa era (internal troubles and foreign invasion)
Internal worry-the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal ruling class is sharp.
Foreign invasion-being invaded by foreign powers, facing the danger of becoming a colony. The first to invade Japan was the United States.
Second, the purpose of Meiji Restoration: to reform the country and make Qiang Bing rich.
Third, the content of Meiji Restoration
1, politically: abolish the vassal state and set up counties, and strengthen centralization; The emperor has unlimited power; Abolish the feudal identity system and samurai privileges.
2. Economically: learn from the West, develop industry and encourage the development of modern industry; Change the feudal land system and allow land to be privately owned and traded; Local tax reform will be implemented, and taxes will be collected uniformly throughout the country.
3. Militarily: imitate western countries, implement the conscription system, establish a standing army, called the "imperial army", and establish a police system.
4. Social life and culture: advocating civilization and implementing compulsory education.
Four. 1889, Japan promulgated the Constitution of the Great Japanese Empire and began limited constitutional rule. After the reform, Japan embarked on the road of developing capitalism.
Lesson 15 the arrival of the electrical age
I. The Second Industrial Revolution
1, content: discovery and application of new energy; The creation of new machines and products, the emergence of new means of transportation; Invention and application of new technology and equipment for long-distance information transmission.
2. Core: the revolution of electricity. With the wide application of electric power, human society has entered the "electrical age" from "age of steam".
Second, around the invention of electricity
1, Edison (USA)-King of Invention-Electric Light-Edison was an angel who spread the gospel of electricity to the world.
2. The invention and use of electricity, electric lamps and electrical appliances are of epoch-making significance. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, western countries have taken the lead in entering the electrification era. The invention and use of electricity has become an important milestone in the history of human science and technology. Due to the use of electricity, the iron and steel industry has developed rapidly, and human beings have bid farewell to the "cotton age" and entered the "iron and steel age" in the field of materials. The arrival of electrification and the "Iron Age" marks the rise of modern industry.
Third, extraordinary wheels and wings.
1, powered by internal combustion engine, automobiles (German Carl Benz) and airplanes (American Wright Brothers "Flyer" 1) came out one after another.
2. American engineer Henry Ford used assembly line technology for the first time in automobile production, which greatly increased automobile production and reduced production costs. Cars began to enter ordinary families. Therefore, the United States is called "the country on wheels". With the rapid popularization of automobiles in industrial countries all over the world, human beings have entered the "automobile age" in the field of transportation.
Lesson 16 crazy contracting and alliance and the first world war
One is the "triple alliance" led by one country and the "three-country agreement" patchwork.
1 and 1879, Germany and Austria-Hungary signed a secret military alliance treaty against Russia, and later Italy joined in, forming the "triple alliance" controlled by Germany, also known as the Allies.
2. The alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary deeply disturbed Russia. To this end, Russia and France signed an agreement (the Russian-French agreement is the embryonic form of the three-nation agreement). With Germany's economic strength surpassing that of Britain and France, Britain had to abandon the policy of "glorious isolation" and sign military agreements with France and Russia respectively, and finally formed a "three-country agreement" with Britain as the core country, also known as the "entente country".
Second, the first world war
1, fuse: Sarajevo incident (Prinsep assassinated Ferdinand and his wife)
2. Time:1914 ——1918
3. The warring parties: Italy joined the Allies after the outbreak of the Great War, and the United States and China also joined the Allies to fight.
4. Famous Battle: The Battle of Verdun, known as the meat grinder-Verdun meat grinder.
5. Result: The allied forces failed.
6. Nature: imperialist war
7. Impact: Causing huge material losses and casualties.
Unit 4 Building a Cultural Palace
Thinking leading the times: rational pursuit-enlightenment
1, date:17 ——18th century
2. Core idea: Rationalism (the so-called rationality is to admit that the laws of things exist objectively, advocate using scientific knowledge to understand objective things, and rationally analyze, think, judge and deal with them, and resolutely oppose and criticize the religious concept of "belief is higher than knowledge". )
Voltaire, the pioneer of the French Enlightenment.
4. Significance: The Enlightenment is an ideological liberation movement that promotes rationality, thoroughly liquidates feudal ideology, and liberates people's thoughts from the imprisonment of religious theology and feudal autocracy. It not only provided an ideological weapon for the American War of Independence and the French Revolution, but also provided a theoretical premise for the establishment of Marxist philosophy.
"Father of Modern Science"-Newton (UK)
1, the main contribution: a complete theoretical system of mechanics-Newtonian mechanics has been established.
2. Classic saying: "If I see far, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants."
Darwin, Explorer of the Origin of Species (UK)
1, main contribution: put forward the theory of biological evolution based on natural selection.
2. Classic saying: "The way to finish the work is to cherish every minute."
Einstein (Germany), a master of modern physics
1, the main contribution: put forward the "theory of relativity" in physics.
2, the classic sentence: "I don't have any special talent, but I like to get to the bottom of it."
A talented artist-lev tolstoy (Russian)
1. Masterpieces: War and Peace, Anna karenin, Resurrection.
Lenin called him a "mirror of Russian revolution" and a "genius artist".
A man who paints with his life-Van Gogh (Netherlands)
The founder of Expressionism painting art. Representative work: Sunflower
Beethoven (Germany), the lion of music
1, the greatest musician in German history, the terminator of classical music and the pioneer of romantic music.
2. A total of nine symphonies were created, such as the Third Symphony and the Hero Symphony.
Symphony No.5-Symphony of Destiny (the most outstanding of the nine)
This is the history outline used in our school. Welcome to adopt.