The basic principles of the four diagnostic methods are based on the holistic view and the concept of perpetual motion, and are the concrete applications of the basic theories such as Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Zangxiang Meridian, Etiology and Pathogenesis. Since its establishment, it has been continuously developed and perfected, which is the treasure of traditional medical culture in China.
Bian Que, a folk doctor in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, made great contributions to the formation and establishment of the Four Diagnostics.
Biography of Historical Records and Bian Que records that once Bian Que went to the State of Jin to practice medicine, Zhao Jianzi was seriously ill. He has been unconscious for five days. His relatives and staff were very worried and asked Bian Que to treat Zhao Jianzi.
Through pulse-taking, Bian Que noticed that Zhao Jianzi's heart was still beating slightly, and learned through consultation that the political struggle in the state of Jin was very fierce at that time, so he concluded that Zhao Jianzi was in a coma for a period of time because he used his brain too much in the political struggle, and did not die.
After careful treatment by Bian Que, Zhao Jianzi recovered within 3 days. This shows that Bian Que is very proficient in seeing, smelling, asking and palpating. For thousands of years, "four diagnosis" has become the basic method of TCM diagnosis.
The examination is based on the theory of zang-fu organs and meridians. The exterior of the human body is closely related to the five internal organs. If the functional activities of the five internal organs change, it will inevitably be reflected to the outside of the human body, showing changes in spirit, color, shape and state. Therefore, we can infer the changes of internal organs by observing the signs of changes in body surface and facial features.
In specific steps, the examination can be divided into looking at the spirit, looking at the face, looking at the shape, looking at the five senses of the head and neck, looking at the skin, looking at the veins, looking at runny nose and so on. The focus of the examination is to look at God, face and tongue diagnosis. Due to the various manifestations of face and tongue, it can reflect the changes of viscera function to a considerable extent.
Odor diagnosis is a diagnostic method for doctors to infer diseases by using their own hearing and sense of smell, through the sounds emitted by patients and the various odors emitted by excreta in the body. By listening to sounds, we can not only check the pathological changes of organs related to pronunciation, but also check the changes of internal organs according to the changes of sounds.
Listening to sounds includes: voice, breathing, cough, hiccup, belching, etc.
The sense of smell can be divided into two types: smelling the sick body and smelling the sick room. Among them, the smell of the sick body is mainly due to the pathogenic toxin that makes the viscera, qi, blood and body fluid fail and is discharged from the body orifice; The smell of the sick room is emitted by the sick body and its excrement. For example, plague patients will fill the room with moldy and rancid gas.
Inquiry is a diagnostic method that doctors ask patients and their insiders about the occurrence, development, current symptoms and treatment of diseases.
Inquiries are mainly about diseases that are difficult to detect objectively, such as finding diagnostic information or providing clues for further examination when the signs of the disease are lacking or not obvious; At the same time, you can fully grasp all the conditions related to the disease, including the daily life, working environment, eating habits, marital status and so on.
The basic contents of consultation include general situation, chief complaint, present medical history, present symptoms, past history, personal history, family history and so on. Among them, the diagnosis and treatment of symptoms at present mainly include: asking about colds and fever, asking about sleep, asking about emotions, asking about defecation and so on.
Pulse diagnosis is a diagnostic method for doctors to touch and press the patient's body surface with their hands. Pulse diagnosis includes pulse diagnosis and pulse diagnosis. Pulse diagnosis, also known as pulse-taking and pulse-taking, is a pulse-taking method to understand the pathological changes in the body by observing the changes of pulse conditions. Pulse diagnosis is a method of pulse diagnosis. By touching and pressing some parts of the patient's body surface, we can understand the local abnormal changes, and then infer the nature of the lesion and the severity of the disease.
The above four methods of diagnosing diseases are not isolated from each other, but interrelated. It is necessary to comprehensively analyze the diseases collected by the four diagnostic methods, remove the rough and extract the essence, remove the false and retain the true, and make a comprehensive and scientific judgment from the outside to the inside.
The "Four Diagnostics" summarized by Bian Que completely conforms to the theories of holistic method, systematic method and dialectical method in modern science, which is admirable. Bian Que is also called "Pulse School" by medical circles. For thousands of years, China's "pulse theory" has been advancing in the contention of a hundred schools of thought.
Wang Shuhe, a doctor in Jin Dynasty, wrote the Pulse Classic, which is the earliest extant monograph on pulse science in China.
This book is a systematic summary of pulse science before the 3rd century, with the number of volumes 10. Excerpts from Neijing, Difficult Classics, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber, Bian Que and Huatuo, expounds and analyzes pulse science and pulse method, and puts forward his own opinions.
In the book Pulse Sutra, Wang Shuhe divided the pulse condition into 24 types for the first time, such as floating, bleeding, slipping, counting, increasing, string, tight, sinking, squatting, skin, solid, slight, astringent, fine, soft, weak, weak, scattered, slow, late, knot, generation and moving.
They were sorted and compared in 8 groups, and the location diagnosis of left-hand inch pulse dominating the heart and small intestine, closed pulse dominating the liver and gallbladder, right-hand inch pulse dominating the lung and large intestine, closed pulse dominating the spleen and stomach, and double-hand foot pulse dominating the kidney and bladder was preliminarily confirmed, which laid an important foundation for the development of pulse science in later Chinese medicine.
124 1 year, doctors in the song dynasty published a book called "guide to diagnosis", which mainly expounded pulse science and attached diagnostic methods such as listening to sound, watching color and observing taste. This is China's early systematic monograph on diagnostics.
The Guide to Diagnosis focuses on the theory of pulse science, and according to the legacy of ancient sages, it extends and supplements the principles of slippery pulse, diseased pulse and pulse diagnosis. It is particularly worth mentioning that the book created 33 kinds of pulse conditions to illustrate pulse conditions, which are vivid and unique. This picture is more than 700 years ago, and it is the earliest pulse chart in the world.
China's "pulse science" developed into the Ming Dynasty and made a new breakthrough. Li Shizhen, a medical scientist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote Hu Ling's Pulse Studies, Eight Strange Meridians and Textual Research on Pulse Studies, all of which are works on pulse studies.
Pulse in Hu Ling is the author's experience in studying pulse. According to the essence of various pulse theories, he listed 27 kinds of pulse conditions and comprehensively expounded various problems related to "pulse science" Among them, the identification points of the same kind of pulse and the corresponding diseases and syndromes of various images are compiled into songs and instruments to help recite.
An Examination of Eight Veins in Strange Classics is a monograph on the study of Eight Veins in Strange Classics. This book not only describes in detail the route of the "strange meridians and eight veins", but also puts forward the corresponding treatment methods in combination with the main diseases and syndromes. At the same time, it is also a basis for diagnosing diseases through pulse, which has reference value for learning and studying "pulse science"
Textual research on pulse prescription records the different opinions of previous schools on pulse science, and discusses the practical problems of pulse science in combination with the author's own opinions, which plays a role in demonstrating and solving some doubtful problems in pulse science research.