From the first year of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty to eight years, that is, Wu Gong1041-kloc-0/048, an ordinary worker named Bi Sheng invented movable type printing.
Shen Kuo is ten years younger than Bi Sheng and is a contemporary. Moreover, the pottery movable type made by Bi Sheng was later owned by Shen Kuo's nephew. Therefore, the record that Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in Shen Kuo's Meng Qian Bi Tan is accurate and credible.
However, some Europeans once attributed the invention of movable type printing to Gutenberg. Johannes Gutenberg is from West Germany. He invented lead movable type printing, about 1440- 1448, 400 years later than Bi Sheng invented pottery movable type printing.
Movable type printing is one of the greatest inventions in human history, and it is also China's great contribution to world culture.
After Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, the Korean people began to print books with clay type, and later printed books with wood type. /kloc-In the 3rd century, they first invented printing books with copper movable type. China printed books with copper movable type later than North Korea. The Korean people also created lead movable type and iron movable type.
However, the person who really used mimeographed technology to print documents was geist Tanner, a Hungarian living in Britain. About 188 1 years ago, he used wax paper fiber paper as a template and engraved the information to be printed on it with an iron pen, and micropores appeared on the fiber engraved with the iron pen. Then he brushed the ink on the plate and pressed it with a roller to make the ink pass through the wax plate and adhere to the paper below.
Inventor Edison also studied stencil printing in the early 20th century. He matched the iron pen with the motor, and controlled the motor to make the iron pen engrave words on the paper to make mimeographs. Although this method was not widely valued and put into practice at that time, its principle inspired future generations.
1888, geist tanner replaced the stylus with a typewriter. He removed the ribbon from the typewriter and let the words directly hit the wax paper, leaving traces on the wax paper. The waxed paper was removed, spread on paper, inked and stamped, and it was successful.
10 years later, the Austrian Clabau invented the rotary mimeograph, which greatly improved the speed of mimeograph.
Gravure printing-Gravure printing was produced in the middle of15th century. Its principle is to make the graphics and text of the printing plate lower than the blank part. The layout structure is similar to that of China ancient rubbings, but the inked part is just the opposite. Because the ink on the surface of the finished product printed by this printing method is slightly raised, it is easy to distinguish and difficult to imitate, so it is mostly used to print valuable securities such as banknotes and stamps.
Gravure printing plates can be divided into engraved intaglio, etched intaglio and photogravure.
Gravure printing of carved copper was invented by Italian Fina Qiu Lai. 1477, the map was printed in this way. At the beginning of19th century, Europe began to copy famous paintings and print valuable securities by this method, and gradually developed gravure printing into a unique printing method.
Modern offset printing and gravure printing: offset printing lines are oleophilic and can absorb ink; There is no ink attached to the non-line-drawing part of the wet roller for water supply. The ink attached to the printing plate is used to be printed on the plastic cloth roller and then transferred to the paper. This is offset printing. There are pits produced by corrosion on gravure copper sheet for line drawing, and the depth of line drawing is determined by the volume of pits. Apply ink on the roller first, and then scrape it off with a scraper, leaving only the ink in the concave hole. When pressed, the ink in the concave hole is printed on the paper.
Letterpress printing-Letterpress printing means that the printed graphic part is higher than the blank part. When printing, the graphic part is coated with ink, then covered with paper and pressed, and the ink is transferred from the printing plate to the paper.
Under the influence of block printing and movable type printing invented by China, in A.D. 1445, German Johann Gutenberg made lead movable type and wooden printing machinery. At that time, lead type had appeared in China and North Korea, but in summer, Tengbao not only made movable type with lead, tin and antimony, but also made molds for casting words, so the movable type made was fine and the tools and operation methods used were advanced. He also invented the pressure printing machine and developed the fat ink specially used for printing. Because of Gutenberg's series of inventions, he became the founder of modern printing, and his whole set of printing methods have been used until the19th century.
After Gutenberg created letterpress printing, some people in western Europe are still trying to improve their printing technology, and have successively created and improved production technologies such as paper-type letterpress and rubber letterpress. The quality, printing quantity and printing speed of letterpress printing are improved.
Lithographic printing-Lithographic printing can be divided into lithographic printing, offset printing and offset printing according to different printing plates. Their similarity lies in that printed pictures and texts and unprinted blanks are on the same plane, and the height difference can not be seen by naked eyes. When printing, the principle of oil-water repulsion is used to make the graphic part oil-resistant and hydrophilic and discharge the ink, and the ink is transferred to the surface of the substrate by extrusion.
About 1778, Czechoslovakian nuffield invented lithography. When he printed music, he found that the slate with micropores on the surface could absorb ink when coated with grease, while the part without grease could not absorb ink because of water storage. According to this phenomenon, he discovered the principle that oil and water repel each other, thus invented lithography, and once wrote a book called Lithography, which spread all over the world.
Offset printing is another lithography technology developed on the basis of lithography. 18 17, Sunnafeld used thin zinc plate instead of heavy lithograph, and adopted cylinder printing method, which solved the shortcoming that lithograph technology was not easy to register. 1905, Rupert of the United States installed a rubber roller on Sunnefeld's lithography machine, so that the pictures and texts on the printing plate were transferred to the paper through the rubber roller, and the printing plate did not directly contact with the paper, creating an indirect lithography method.
Colo plate is also a lithography method, which was invented by the Frenchman Haier barto in 1869. Because it is made of frosted glass, it is also called glass printing. This printing method can be used to make plates by photography, and can print famous paintings, rubbings, artworks and ancient books most accurately.
Compared with other types of printing methods, lithography, especially offset printing, has the characteristics of low production cost, simple process, little wear, high speed and wide application range. In addition, with the cooperation of new light sources, new photosensitive materials, precision photographic equipment, scientific plate making and continuous improvement of printing quality, this printing method has been continuously developed, thus becoming the mainstream of today's printing industry.