Since World War II, great changes have taken place in the world political and economic structure, and the inherent political and economic structure has been broken. Although the new pattern of world politics has not yet formed, the pace of world political pluralism and economic integration, collectivization and regionalization is accelerating, and the relationship between neighboring countries has changed from geopolitics to geopolitics, which in turn promotes geopolitics and forms an interactive situation between them.
China's 22,800km inland boundary line, from the mouth of Yalu River in the northeast to the mouth of Beilun River in the Beibu Gulf, borders North Korea, Russia, Mongolia and other 15 countries respectively [3]. The implementation of the opening-up policy of neighboring countries has effectively promoted the formation of the border port system in China. After China implemented the open policy, Russian, Mongolian, Kazakh, Myanmar and other neighboring countries also implemented the open policy accordingly. External conditions, such as the openness of neighboring countries, the formulation of foreign trade and economic policies, and the level of economic development, have certain influence on the establishment of border ports in China.
1.2 analysis of the inland border areas of China.
After entering the 1990s, China's border opening and coastal opening echoed from afar, forming a pattern of "land and sea opening together, east and west helping each other, and north and south prospering together" [3]. Undoubtedly, the implementation of the strategy of opening up along the border has fundamentally promoted the formation of the belt-shaped port system along the border.
Judging from the formation of the urban system, the ports in the border areas have initially developed from border crossings, ferries and market towns mainly engaged in border trade to planned port systems for small-scale trade, local government trade and international trade, and even extended to entrepot trade, entrepot trade and international trade, and cooperated with neighboring countries to build transnational free economic zones.
2. Analysis of the status quo of China's border strip port system.
2. 1 Distribution of border crossings
Nine inland provinces and autonomous regions in China constitute the whole system of organic banded border ports, that is, they are located at the border and border with neighboring countries, and almost surround the whole banded border areas in northeast, northwest and southwest China along the boundary line. On the inland border, there are dozens of national first-class ports such as highway ports, railway ports and inland river shipping ports [5] (see table 1).
Table 1 China Border Belt Port System-Class I Port
Provinces and regions
Highway port, railway port and water port
Dandong Dandong Dandong, Liaoning Province
Kaishantun, Nanping, Sanhe, Linjiang, Hunchun, Quanhe Ji 'an, Tumen and Hunchun Daan Port in the east of Jilin Province.
Suifenhe, Dongning, Mishan, Hulin Suifenhe, Heihe, Xunke, Tongjiang, Mohe,
Raohe, Fuyuan, Luobei, Jiayin,
Inner Mongolia Manzhouli, Ganqi Maolu Manzhouli Sunwu, Huma Shiwei, Heitou Mountain
Erenhot in Inner Mongolia, Sate in Arija and Erenhot in Dabuqi, Junggar.
Mazong Mountain in western Gansu Province
Laoye Temple in Northern Xinjiang, Ullas Terrace at Hongshanzui, Alashankou.
District ports, black soil Buick, Jimunai, Baktu,
Alashankou, Horgos, Mouzard Port,
Turgat, the port of Rairgstan, Hongqi.
Fugang, Dulata
Tibet Pulan, Geelong and Riwu
Ruili, Wan Ding, Hekou, Mohan, Jinshui River, Tianhekou, Simao and Jinghong in western Yunnan.
Nanbaohe monkey bridge
Dongxing Pingxiang Shuikou Guangxi Friendship Pass
In addition, a number of second-class ports have been set up, and their distribution is consistent with the trend of the border. Due to the different border trends, the distribution forms and patterns of port systems in different provinces and regions are different. The border ports in Heilongjiang Province are distributed in an inverted "V" shape, that is, Fuyuan is the apex of "Yantou", Mohe and Dongning ports are the end points of two wings, and Xinjiang and Yunnan ports are similar to them.
China is adjacent to 15 country, thus forming ports of many different countries. Ports in these different countries often appear in pairs, and the corresponding ports are different in distance and number and size.
(1) Judging from the distance between the corresponding ports at home and abroad, the ports in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Tibet are all tens to hundreds of kilometers away from the corresponding ports in neighboring countries. For example, Laoyemiao Port on the border between China and Mongolia is 223 kilometers away from burgas Thai Port in Mongolia, while Pingxiang Port and Heihe Port are closest to their corresponding ports, only a few hundred to 2,000 meters away.
(2) The number of Chinese and foreign ports is different in different countries, and there are many ports in China, Russian, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and China and North Korea; A pair of China-Pakistan, China-Kyrgyzstan, China Tower and China-Laos ports; Two pairs of ports between China and Nepal and China and India; The number of Sino-Vietnamese ports is in the middle.
(3) In terms of scale, the cooperation scale of the corresponding ports on both sides of the border line is also different. With the improvement of opening to the outside world, some major ports have realized not only railway transit transportation, but also road transit transportation, as well as multi-functional comprehensive port business such as international trade, border trade, labor service, transit tourism and entrepot trade. Some border towns, such as Manzhouli, Heihe and Suifenhe, have received many preferential policies from the central and local governments and been approved as open cities along the border, and accordingly, border economic and technological cooperation zones have been established.
Judging from the topographical conditions, there are ports in the border areas, such as the Turgat port, which is located at the mountain pass; Some are located in intermountain basins, such as Ruili and Takshken; Some are second only to valley plains, such as Khorgos Port.
2.2 Characteristics of border crossings
Strong dependence on neighboring countries. Bilateral complementarity and reciprocity, such as: China port on the southwest China-Myanmar border faces Myanmar, an economically backward developing country, and most of its exports are manufactured goods, while imports are mainly raw materials and primary products that are in short supply at home. In contrast, China has a high economic level; Contrary to the positioning of import and export commodities at Yunnan-China-Myanmar border ports, the water transport and air ports along the eastern coast of China are mainly oriented to developed countries and regions. Imported goods are mainly high-value capital and technology-intensive goods, while exported goods are mainly low value-added primary products and labor-intensive goods. In contrast, China is at a low economic level. Inland border ports are cheaper, easier to develop and more effective than coastal ports. There is a strict correspondence with the border ports of neighboring countries, but there is no correspondence between seaports and airports. With various trade functions, neighboring countries carry out international border economic cooperation activities such as border commodity trade and border service trade through border ports, which are rich in content, extensive in exchanges and close in contact, and the number of participants is unmatched by coastal ports. Import and export goods are delivered quickly and the transportation cost is low. Adjacent to the national border port, because they are very close, for example, the Heihe port terminal is only 2.5 kilometers away from the Blagoveshchensk port, which makes the import and export commodities passing through the port deliver quickly, with low freight and fast delivery. 2.3 Functions of border crossings.
The functions of border ports are varied, mainly including: foreign trade functions include cash trade, barter trade, entrepot trade, entrepot trade, technology trade and service trade [6]; The function of external transportation is to undertake the transportation tasks of import and export commodities and transit personnel; Management functions include the management of inbound and outbound passengers, goods flow and means of transportation to safeguard national sovereignty and interests. Supervision and inspection functions and management of customs, commodity inspection, health inspection, animal and plant inspection and other port institutions. ; Service functions include port infrastructure, such as warehousing, post and telecommunications, communications, banking, insurance and other import and export trade services.
2.4 Economic ties between border ports and hinterland
The hinterland of the border port refers to the economic radiation place that keeps close contact with the border port. The relationship between hinterland and border port is essentially the relationship between region and hub. The actual value of ports depends on the relationship between them and the hinterland, and the density of this relationship is related to geographical distance, mode of transportation and its capacity. Generally speaking, the port located in the economic center or traffic trunk line has the strongest function, and the stronger the economic strength of the hinterland system, the greater the development potential of port towns; The more developed the central city of hinterland system, the greater its scope of action and the stronger its driving ability to port towns; The closer the port town is to the central city of hinterland system, the easier it is to receive the radiation from the central city. At present, the border ports in China's border areas have formed a number of central cities with similar economic strength and close distance in their hinterland system. For example, Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Hohhot, Urumqi, Kunming, Nanning and so on. These hinterland central cities and other industrial cities have strongly supported and promoted the construction and development of border ports.
From a macro point of view, the hinterland system that has an impact on border ports should be composed of two hinterland regional systems at home and abroad. Theoretically, the composition of the overseas port and the overseas hinterland system corresponding to China's border ports should correspond to China's hinterland system, including the core hinterland of the district-level region where the border port towns in neighboring countries are located; Near-field hinterland composed of provinces (states and border areas) where port towns are located; Far-field hinterland system composed of large economic zones or regions (such as Russian Far East Economic Zone) and the whole country.
3 the impact of the formation of the border port system on the regional economy
The establishment of border ports has promoted the economic and social development in the border areas of China. However, this extraordinary port development is realized under the favorable international geo-economic environment such as specific historical conditions, special policy environment and specific trade forms and methods. Taking the throughput of Sino-Russian border ports as an example, the total import and export volume of border ports in Heilongjiang Province increased from 1988 to 1993, an increase of 90 times, reaching $2 1 billion in 1993, accounting for 2.4% of the total foreign trade import and export volume in Heilongjiang Province from 1987. The special historical environmental conditions that caused this situation are: China and the Soviet Union just resumed border trade in the 1980s, the port system was initially improved, the Soviet Union disintegrated, and Russia became independent, resulting in a serious shortage of consumer goods and a relative surplus of production materials such as steel, wood, cement, fertilizer and machinery and equipment. Both China and Russia are short of foreign exchange, and both countries have adopted special policies and measures to encourage and support the development of local trade in border areas and exchange goods by specific barter methods. With the advantage of commodities, China exchanged daily industrial products and agricultural and sideline products for Russian means of production, resulting in a high price difference and obtaining satisfactory comparative benefits. However, with the passage of time, the specific historical conditions for Sino-Russian border trade to obtain a high price difference no longer exist, and the supply of Russian barter forward goods has dropped sharply. In addition, changes in other conditions and factors have sharply reduced Sino-Russian border trade from 65,438 to 0,994, and the development of border ports has been restricted [8]. This situation forces us to think about the complex regional economic factors that restrict the development and perfection of China's border port system, including domestic regional economic factors, overseas factors and the common constraints of both China and foreign countries.
3. 1 External factors restricting the development of border ports
(1) Border trade risks restrict the development of border ports. The domestic political turmoil and the deterioration of the economic situation in CIS countries make the border trade between China and CIS countries risky, which is mainly manifested in the differences in reform measures and methods. Especially in the process of economic system reform in these countries, some policies restricting border trade or inflation may reduce the profits of border trade to a few, thus limiting the improvement and development of ports.
(2) The surrounding political and economic environment has a great direct impact on the development of border ports. For example, the development of border ports in Northeast China is influenced by Russia, North Korea and Mongolia. Russia's political situation is not stable enough, and the Far East is an economically backward area in Russia. The original border management system changes slowly, and the construction of border ports lacks standardization. North Korea's Luo Jin-Xianfeng region has long been opened as a free economic and trade zone, and nearly 30 laws have been enacted to open to the outside world. However, due to the severe economic recession for many years, the situation on the Korean Peninsula is unclear, and the development of port economy has been affected. Northeast Mongolia is basically underdeveloped, so the economic and trade activities of ports are still very limited [9].
3.2 Domestic factors restricting the development of border ports
Blindly opening a new port, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, was influenced by the domestic opening-up environment, which led to an upsurge of opening up along the border. Many new ports came into being, and all kinds of goods were exported or imported, and the number of border ports increased sharply, reaching more than 40 in Northeast China alone, which dispersed the construction funds and seriously affected the overall efficiency of ports. In addition, factors such as short-term behavior in port development have also become constraints.
3.3 Common constraints of both parties
The adjustment of bilateral trade policy and the increase of tariff rate have seriously restricted the development of the port. The import of complete vehicles and steel products and the export of grain are prohibited at Hunchun Port, which has restricted the expansion of the port scale. Other neighboring countries are influenced by their specific natural geographical environment, politics, economy and culture, and the endowment of production factors is quite different, which constitutes the complementarity of industrial structures on both sides of the border to a certain extent, thus affecting the scale and function of ports (see Table 2).
Table 2 Summary of complementary resource elements and product advantages in neighboring areas of northeast border exporter China, northeast Korea, Russian Far East and Mongolia
Absorber
Northeast China B2B3B4 A2A3B2B3 B2
North Korea a1a2b2b56a2a3ab2b3b2b5
Russian Far East A1A2B1B5B1B2B5
Mongolia A 1A2A3B 1B4B6 A2A3
Source: Yuan Shuren, Huang Yanjun, International Economic Cooperation in Northeast Asia and Industrial Development Prospect in Northeast China, Journal of Northeast Normal University, 1995.
The symbols in the table are: A 1 capital, A2 hi-tech, A3 metallurgical, mechanical and chemical products, B 1 labor, B2 energy and mineral raw materials, B3 building materials and timber, B4 light textile products with agricultural and livestock products as raw materials, B5 fresh agricultural and livestock products and B6 grain.
As can be seen from Table 2, the resource elements and industrial and agricultural products formed on this basis can be roughly divided into two categories in this area. Among them, Class A belongs to the elements of capital and high-tech resources and their industrial products; Category B includes labor force and primary products formed by labor force, as well as natural resource elements such as mines, forests, grass and soil. In the countries and regions adjacent to the northeast border, the occurrence of these two resource elements and their products is quite rich on the whole. The occurrence and comparative advantages of various resource elements are extremely unbalanced in different countries and regions. Class B resources are concentrated in North Korea and Mongolia, while northeast China and Russian Far East are abundant, but Russian Far East is dominated by Class A resources, while northeast China is dominated by light industry and food resources. The resources on both sides of the northeast border are complementary [4].
The establishment of transnational border free trade zones in areas with superior political, economic and geographical conditions will enable the economy in border areas to enter a two-way cycle. Regional economic integration has become the mainstream of world economic development. In the Asia-Pacific region, it is impossible to form regional economic integration on a large scale because of the different political and economic systems of countries [6]. However, in some border areas, sub-regional or bilateral transnational border free trade zones can be established by taking advantage of the complementarity of production factors on both sides of the border. The Singapore-Malaysia-Indonesia growth triangle in Southeast Asia provides a development model for economic cooperation in multinational border areas. Cooperation in the Tumen River Delta is actively brewing. In southwest China, a "Golden Corner" transnational economic and trade cooperation zone composed of China, Thailand, Laos and Myanmar is gradually taking shape.
To sum up, the border opening between China and neighboring countries has created favorable conditions for the formation of the border port system in China, and the formation, development and continuous improvement of border ports have promoted the social development and economic revitalization of inland border areas. Through the function of border port system, the geo-economic ties between China and neighboring countries are closer, which will undoubtedly promote the process of economic integration between China and neighboring countries.